RULES AND PRACTICE 



FOR 



Adjusting Watches 



BY 

WALTER J. KLEINLEIN 

AUTHOR OF " THE WATCH ADJUSTER AND HIS WORK 



Copyright, 1920, by Walter J. Kleinlein 



All rights reserved 







1 



DEC 13 1920 



1\ 



/ 



CI.AC01967 



PREFACE 

IN THE early days of horology the apprentice 
was taught the art of making a complete watch. 
Production was slow, very few duplicate watches 
were constructed, and it was necessary that extra 
material be made individually by hand in the 
same way that the original part was produced. As 
time passed the value of the repairer was indicated 
by his ability to make new parts and to replace them 
so that the watch would again be in running condi- 
tion. This was the prevailing situation for many 
years and the repairer was judged according to his 
skill in making and finishing the various parts. 

A similar method of judging ability is still in 
force among some employers, although the develop- 
ment of the industry into machine and specialized 
work has made many changes in regard to the most 
important duties of the repairer. 

It is no longer necessary for him to know how to 
make a complete watch and only on occasional in- 
stances is it necessary for him to make a part. 
Genuine material for modern watches is supplied 
by the manufacturer at less expense than it can be 
produced by the individual and in this particular 
branch of the work the repairer's requirements 
have been very considerably curtailed. 

A more exacting and a higher standard of time- 
keeping has developed, however, and in this field 
the requirements of the watchmaker have increased 
to the extent that it is no longer sufficient to merely 
restore a good watch to running condition. It 
must keep time. This development has grown 
gradually and surely and the past twenty-five years 
may be assumed as the period of greatest advance. 

It has been made possible by scientific and prac- 
tical refinements which permit the adjustment of 
watches so that they will keep time within closely 
defined allowances under varying conditions. 

The larger problem of the successful repairer of 
(iii) 



PREFACE 

today, therefore, is that of understanding the 
principles governing close time and of knowing how 
and where to look for the causes of variation, so 
that the higher standard of timekeeping may be 
restored in case of damage since the original adjust- 
ment. 

It is naturally essential to know when material 
is correct, how to make it fit in its proper place, and 
how to make and finish some of the individual 
parts. It is also commendable to be skilful in all 
classes of lathe work, as this at times gains prestige 
for the workman through restoring old model 
watches to running condition. 

It is, however, a disadvantage to develop one's 
ability in making parts for watches of a bygone age 
and neglecting the training that happens to be most 
essential and of daily advantage in repairing 
modern watches so that they will keep time as con- 
sistently after repairs have been made as they did 
when new. 

The object of this book is to present the essential 
points of watch adjusting in an elementary and 
non-technical way that will interest the average 
watchmaker and to enable him to have a convenient 
source of information, covering the necessary re- 
finements that are fundamental in repairing, regu- 
lating and adjusting the better class of watches. 

The author trusts that the experienced successful 
watchmaker will read the book with interest and 
also with profit and that the novice will be enabled 
to foresee that there is something more to the art of 
watchmaking and repairing than that of merely as- 
sembling a watch and making it "tick." 

It so happens that the author has had many 
years of experience in both factories and repair 
shops and that a considerable part of his duties 
have been devoted to instruction. 

He has for a long time felt the need of a book that 
would, above all else, be practical in its description 
of the rules that an adjuster follows and which would 
prove its value in actual experience by being per- 

(iv) 



PREFACE 

sonal as far as permissible in the same sense that 
detailed shop instruction would be. 

Since writing the article entitled "The Watch 
Adjuster and His Work" several years ago numerous 
inquiries have been received, for this class of in- 
formation and the present book is an effort to meet 
this demand in a manner that can be followed 
without highly technical or theoretical education. 

To promote advancement and interest in every- 
day practical results is the foremost consideration, 
and to this end definite means are presented for 
personal development and for obtaining better re- 
sults from high grade watches than can possibly be 
obtained without a fair knowledge of the final de- 
tails which go so far toward assuring close time. 

WALTER J. KLEINLEIN, 
July 21, 1920 Waltham, Mass. 



(v) 



CONTENTS 

PART I. — THE ADJUSTMENT TO TEMPERATURE 

CHAPTER I 

Page 
The Compensation Balance, Controlling Factor 3 

1. General Method of Obtaining Results 

2. How to Place Screws When the Rate is Either Slow 

or Fast in Heat Compared to Cold. 

3. Composition of and Distortions of Compensation 

Balances. 

4. Tests and Experiments. 

5. Effect of Shifting Screws to Different Locations. 

6. Permanency of the Temperature Adjustment. 

CHAPTER II 

Equipment for Temperature Adjusting 9 

7. Various Methods Available. 

8. Electrically Equipped Oven, Description and Dimen- 

sions. 

9. The Lower Temperature Box. 

CHAPTER III 

Difference in Observatory and Commercial Systems 13 

10. Observatory System. 

11. Commercial System. 

12. Rating Card and Method of Calculating Variation 

13. Value of the Normal Period Rate. 

14. Definition of the Characters Used on Rate Cards 
for Gain or Loss in Time. 

15. Increasing or Decreasing the Extremes of Tempera- 
ture. 

CHAPTER IV 

Some Practical Methods of Correction 19 

16. Example of Maintaining a Pleasing Appearance of 

the Balance. 

17. Correction Varies When Screws are Above or Be- 

low Normal Size and Weight 

18. Over or Under Compensation. 

19. Special Corrections for Over or Under Compensation. 

20. Example Illustrating that Temperature Variation 

is Not Always Due to the Balance and Spring. 

(vii) 



CONTENTS — Continued 

CHAPTER V 

Page 
The Middle Temperature Error. 26 

21. Why this Error Exists and What it Consists of. 

22. How Nickel Steel Balances Overcome this Error. 



PART II. — THE ADJUSTMENTS TO ISOCHRONISM 
AND POSITIONS 

CHAPTER VI 

General Consideration 31 

23. Optional Allowances for Variation. 

24. Some Necessary Requirements for Learning Adjust- 

ing. 

25. Train and Escapement Freedom. 

CHAPTER VII 

Theory and Practice 39 

26. Theory of Frictional Errors and the Isochronal 

Hairspring. 

27. How Theory Works Out in Practice and what 

Isochronism Consists of. 

28. Common Causes of Extreme Isochronal Variation. 

CHAPTER VIII 

Relative Pinning Points of the Hairspring 43 

29. Original Springing of Watches. 

30. How Pinning Point Alterations are Made. 

31. Even Coil Hairsprings Very Incorrect for Some 
Watches. 

32. How to Find the Correct Collet Pinning Point for 
Any Watch. 

33. Results in Vertical Position Rates due to Changing 
the Pinning Point. 

34. The Natural Position Error and Why it Cannot be 

Eliminated. 

35. Principle of Pinning Point Alterations. 

36. Same Principles Apply in Case of American H unting 

Models. 

( viii ) 



CONTENTS — Continued 



CHAPTER IX Page 

Manipulation of the Regulator Pins 51 

37. Altering the Length of Spring by Regulator Pins 

38. Method of Examining Vibration of Over Coil 

Between the Pins. 

39. Position Corrections Obtained by Spreading or Clos- 
ing the Regulator Pins. 

CHAPTER X 

Factory and Repair Shop Adjusting 53 

40. Routine Varies According to Circumstances. 

41. Considering the Watchmaker in the Small Shop of 
One or Two Workmen. 

42. Advantages of Understanding Adjusting Even 

Though Watches are Not Tested in Positions or 
Isochronism. 

43. Concerning Watchmakers of Limited Experience. 

CHAPTER XI 

Preliminary Notes and Practice for Beginners 56 

44. Practical Suggestions. 

45. The First Point of Consideration in Learning to 
Adjust. 

46. Causes of Variation Between Dial Up and Dial 

Down. 

47. Short Motion Generally Indicates W T here to Find 
Trouble. 

48. Short Motion Sometimes Caused by Burr on Oppo- 

site Pivot. 

49. Examining the Hairspring. 

50. Exceptions in Regard to Gaining Rate and Short 

Motion. 

51. Detailed Practice. 

52. Which Rate to Use as the Unit for Comparison. 

53. Damaged Pivots, Pitted End Stones and Methods 
of Correction. 

CHAPTER XII 

Preliminary Notes and Practice on Vertical Corrections.... 64 
. 54. Five Principal Causes and Corrections for Pendant 
Up Variation. 

55. Poor Motion, Cause and Effect. 

56. Regulator Pin Practice for Pendant Up Variation. 

57. Pendant Up Corrections Through Poise of Balance 

58. Concentricity of the Hairspring. 

59. Correcting Pendant Up Variation Through Pinning 

Point Alterations. 

60. Percentage of Watches Requiring Correction of 

Position Rates 

(ix) 



CONTENTS — Continued 

CHAPTER XIII 

Page 
Concrete Examples Showing Definite Three Position Al- 
terations and Labor Utilized 70 

61. Order of Position Timing and Method of Calculat- 

ing the Variation. 

62. Example No. 1, Three Positions, Columbus. 

63. Example No. 2, Three Positions, Ball. 

64. Example No. 3, Three Positions, Elgin. 

65. Example No. 4, Three Positions, Hampden. 

CHAPTER XIV 

Concrete Examples Showing Definite Five Position Al- 
terations and Labor Utilized 77 

66. What Five Position Adjusting Consists of — De- 
tailed Allowances. 

67. Example No. 5, Five Positions, Hamilton. 

68. Example No. 6, Five Positions, Elgin, B. W. R. 

69. Example No. 7, Five Positions, Waltham, Vang. 

70. Example No. 8, Five Positions, Vacheron and Con- 

stantin. 

71. Example No. 9, Five Positions, E. Howard 

72. Example No. 10, Five Positions, Illinois, B. S. 

73. Causes of Extremely Fast Vertical Rates. 

74. How to Locate Defective Gearings. , 

CHAPTER XV 

Timing and Final Regulation 91 

75. Mean Time Screws and Timing Washers. 

76. Importance of Properly Fitted Regulator. 

77. Effect of the Middle Temperature Error. 

78. Some Practical Reasons for Slow Rates. 



PART III. — SPECIAL NOTES 

CHAPTER XVI 

Special Notes , 99 

79. Efficiency of Execution Analyzed (Two Examples) 

80. Truing the Balance. 

81. Poising the Balance. 

82. Truing Hairsprings. 

83. Treating a Rusty Hairspring. 

84. Stopping by Escapement Locking when Hands are 
set Backward or When Watch Receives a Jar. 

85. Essentials and Non-Essentials in Cleaning Watches. 

M 



RULES AND PRACTICE 



FOR 



Adjusting Watches 



PART I 
THE ADJUSTMENT TO TEMPERATURE 



CHAPTER I 

THE COMPENSATION BALANCE 
CONTROLLING FACTOR 

1 . General Method of Obtaining Results. 

ONLY since the introduction of the compen- 
sation balance which received its most sub- 
stantial early experiments as recently as the 
year 1859, has it been possible to control the varia- 
tion in pocket timepieces which is caused by changes 
in temperature. Previous to this introduction it 
was not uncommon for the best watches to vary 
as much as two or three minutes with changes of 
forty or fifty degrees Fahr. Through experiment 
and improvement in the quality and application 
of balance materials, such advancement has been 
made, that this variation has been reduced to sec- 
onds and temperature adjusting is now quite uni- 
versal in the production of medium and high grade 
watches. 

In the large factories, girls and young men of 
very little previous experience are frequently 
taught to make the alterations and to do the test- 
ing, while men of experience in watchmaking 
handle only the more intricate cases such as "stop- 
pers" and radical rates that may require investi- 
gation of the inner workings of the movement. 
The simplicity of the adjustment naturally becomes 
more apparent with experience and the general 
alterations consist merely of transferring the bal- 
ance screws in opposite pairs, either forward or 
backward one or more holes, according to the extent 
of the correction desired. 

As these alterations are quite positive the ad- 
justment can be undertaken with considerable 
certainty of obtaining results in every instance. 

(3) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

The repairer will not find as much daily necessity 
for understanding temperature adjusting as he will 
for being thorough in Position adjusting. The sub- 
ject is covered, however, for the benefit of those who 
may desire practical experience in this branch of 
adjusting and also for those who desire a general 
knowledge of the details. 

2. How to Place Screws When the Rate is Either 
Slow or Fast in Heat Compared to Cold. 

If a watch rates slow in heat compared to cold 
it is necessary to shift screws in opposite pairs out 
toward the cut or free end of the rims; because 
when the metals expand the hairspring becomes 
weaker and produces a loss in time. During this 
period the free ends of the balance rims, carrying 
the transferred weight are forced toward the center 
and produce a gaining rate which compensates for 
the loss caused by the weakened spring. 

As the metals contract in cold the free ends of 
the balance are drawn outward from their true 
form and the concentrated weight of these screws 
near the ends reduces the fast rate in cold and in 
principle works both ways in its action on the rate. 

Should the circumstances be just opposite, or 
the rate be fast in heat compared to the rate in cold, 
it will be necessary to move the screws away from 
the free end of the rims. In doing this, less weight 
will be carried toward the center as the free ends 
curl inward and as a result, the rate in heat will 
become slower and the slow rate in cold will be re- 
duced. 

3. Composition of and Distortions of Compensa- 
tion Balances. 

Compensation balances are generally made of 
one layer of brass and one of steel, with the brass 
onthe outside consisting of about three-fifths of 

(4) 



The Compensation Balance Controlling Factor 

the total thickness and the steel on the inside con- 
sisting of about two-fifths. These metals are 
firmly soldered together and the distortions in 
changes of temperature are as follows. In heat both 
metals expand, which infers that the rims become 
longer as well as wider and thicker. Brass expands 
more than steel and because of its attachment to 
the steel it cannot continue to lengthen in its true 
circular form, due to the fact that the steel does 
not become enough longer to maintain the true 
curve, and the result is that the free ends of the 
rims are forced inward. 

In cold the brass, contracting more than the 
steel, pulls the rim outward at the free end which is 
just in reverse of the operations in heat. 

The end. of the rim which is attached to the bal- 
ance arm always moves in the opposite direction 
from the free end, or outward from the center of 
balance, when the free end moves in, and inward 
when the free end moves out. In comparison, how- 
ever, this movement is negligible as will be noted 
later in the results obtained in moving screws in 
that direction. 

4. Tests and Experiments. 

It is generally understood that the purpose of the 
compensation balance is to act in opposition to 
the error caused principally by the hairspring. The 
steel hairspring having no compensating qualities, 
either grows stronger or weaker with changes in 
temperature. When it becomes longer, wider and 
thicker in heat, experiments seem to prove that 
the increased width and thickness are not in pro- 
portion to the increased length, for if they were, 
the spring would actually be stronger; while timing 
proves that it is weaker because of the loss in time. 
In cold the shortening factor seems to dominate 
because of a gain in time. 

In a series of tests with steel springs on uncut 
steel brass balances, the temperature error in the 

(5) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

extremes of 40 degrees and 90 degrees Fahrenheit 
was found to be from eighty to one hundred and 
sixty seconds. With the same balances cut the 
error was reduced from seventy to one hundred 
and thirty seconds in each instance, without any 
correction of the balance screws. 

A former test with palladium springs on the same 
balances, previous to having been cut, showed a 
considerably reduced error, indicating that the 
steel springs were mainly responsible for the tem- 
perature variations. 

The above tests were in actual practice and re- 
sults are given as noted, regardless of scientific or 
established formula relating to the cubic measure- 
ment of metals in changes of temperature. 

5. Effect of Shifting Screws to Different Locations. 

As a rule compensation balances generally have 
five or six pairs of balance screws in addition to two 
pairs of mean time screws. High grade Swiss and 
some American models do not have mean time 
screws and are therefore generally supplied with 
seven or eight pairs of balance screws. The mean 
time screws are never disturbed in making altera- 
tions for temperature, such alterations being con- 
fined to the balance screws only and the mean time 
screws are reserved for timing. 

For appearance sake the balance screws should 
be evenly distributed, although it is necessary at 
times to closely assemble them to obtain tempera- 
ture results and they should not be disturbed in 
making ordinary repairs, as the adjustment may be 
destroyed in so doing. With the larger balances the 
moving of one pair of screws for a distance of one 
hole, generally makes a difference of four or five 
seconds in the temperature rate. In the case of 
smaller balances this alteration does not make as 
much difference, although the weight and location 
of the screws has considerable influence on the result. 

A pair of screws shifted from the second holes from 

(6) 



The Compensation Balance Controlling Factor 

the cuts, to the holes adjoining the cuts, will gen- 
erally make a correction four or five times as great 
as would be obtained by shifting a pair of screws 
from the third to the fourth holes from the arms. 
The same proportional difference is obtained in 
moving a pair of screws from the center of the rims 
out to the cut, compared to moving a pair of screws 
from the holes nearest the arms out to the center of 
the rims. This principle also obtains in moving 
the screws in the opposite direction and is due to 
the fact that while the metals composing the bal- 
ance follow the common laws of expansion and 
contraction, the balance actually becomes smaller 
in area during expansion and larger during con- 
traction. This condition is made possible entirely 
through joining the metals in proper proportion 
and then cutting the rims. 

In the factories where large quantities of a par- 
ticular model having a standard style balance are 
handled, tests are usually made to determine as 
to just what degree of correction will be obtained 
by shifting various pairs of screws certain distances. 
This information is then used in making alterations 
with considerable certainty. The expert tempera- 
ture adjuster becomes fully informed as to the 
peculiarities of various models and is capable of 
getting larger percentages of watches within the 
limits of allowance, after making alterations, than 
he could obtain otherwise. 

Through understanding the various models indi- 
vidually, he is also enabled to furnish information 
that will cause intelligent arrangement of the bal- 
ance screws, for each model, when they are origi- 
nally fitted. The production thereby showing a 
greater yield of good watches that do not require 
alterations after the first test. 

6. Permanency of the Temperature Adjustment. 

When the original temperature adjustment has 
been carefully executed it is quite permanent and 

(7) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

unless the screws have been mutilated or changed 
in location there will seldom be an occasion for 
readjusting. The balance may be retrued and re- 
poised many times and the spring may be retrued, 
altered, or even changed, without seriously inter- 
fering with the temperature rating, as long as the 
screws are not shifted. In changing the spring, 
however, it is necessary that the same number of 
coils and the same size of spring be used, as other- 
wise readjusting would be required. 



(8) 



CHAPTER II 

EQUIPMENT FOR TEMPERATURE 
ADJUSTING 

7. Various Methods Available. 

TWO boxes are necessary for temperature test- 
ing. One fitted up to maintain a temperature 
of about 90° Fahr. and the other maintaining 
a temperature of about 40° Fahr. 

The method employed in obtaining the high tem- 
perature varies in different styles of boxes, while 
the low temperature is always obtained through 
the use of ice. When only an occasional test is 
made, any simple method whereby approximately 
close results in the two extremes can be obtained, 
may be used. For instance, the watch may be en- 
closed in a tin box and placed in sand that is kept 
at a temperature of 90 or 95 degrees F. A ther- 
mometer placed in the sand indicates when the 
temperature rises too high or falls too low. The 
ordinary household refrigerator may be used for 
testing the cold. Tests by this method are advis- 
able only for short periods and for an approximate 
idea as to the extent of error. 

If frequent tests are made and accurate results 
are expected, it is quite important that the special 
boxes be used. Such boxes are often constructed 
with a capacity of four or five hundred watches, or 
they may be constructed to receive only half a 
dozen watches. Some are made with a zinc or 
copper tank in which warm water is placed and 
which surrounds the chamber in which the watches 
are deposited. The water is kept at the desired 
temperature by means of a small adjustable flame. 
In other instances electrical arrangements are used, 
in which case no water is required. 

(9) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

In either instance a thermostat controls the 
source of heat. 

8. Electrically Equipped Oven, Description and 
Dimensions. 

A very practical arrangement for testing a few 
watches at a time in the higher temperature is 
shown in Fig. 1. This is electrically equipped 
and will maintain an even temperature at all times. 

The outside of the box is constructed of about 
one-half inch lumber and the inside is lined with 
asbestos. It is about fourteen inches high by ten 
inches wide and eight inches deep. 

"A". Is an incandescent lamp set in a porcelain 
base. 

"B". Is a porcelain plug through which the 
wires "C" enter the box. 

"D" and "E". Are metal uprights with a thumb- 
screw on the top, under each of which a wire ter- 
minates. 

"F". Is the compensating bar, one end of which 
is fastened solidly to "D" with rivets. 

The opposite end is free and rests against the end 
of a thumbscrew which passes through "E." 

The thumbscrew is to be adjusted so that the 
free end of "F" will rest against it in a temperature 
of 70° Fahr. or any lower temperature. As the 
temperature rises the free end of the bar moves 
away from the end. of thumbscrew, breaking the 
circuit and extinguishing the light, which cuts off 
the source of heat. As the temperature decreases 
the bar again comes into contact and creates the 
circuit. 

This bar can be made of various compensating 
metals, one combination of which is a strip of zinc 
about six inches long by three eighths of an inch 
wide and one thirty-second of an inch thick. On the 
outside of this soft solder a strip of tin six inches 
or a trifle less in length, by one fourth inch wide 
and one thirty-second of an inch thick. Both 

CIO) 



Jcr=& 




Equipment for Temperature Adjusting 

metals should be bent to a curved form before they 
are soldered together as shown in the cut. 

It is generally preferable to have the bar taper to 
a slightly narrower width at its free end, and near 

this free end it is neces- 

sary to solder a small 
strip of platinum at the 
point where the end of 
thumbscrew comes in 
contact. 

"G", "H", "I" and 
"J" are ventilating holes 
one inch in diameter and 
covered by a swinging 
slide so that the holes 
can be opened or closed 
as desired for regulating 
the ventilation. "K". 
Is a shelf of brass screen 
located about five inches 

from the top and on which the watches and a ther- 
mometer are placed in testing. 

"L". Is a handle for the purpose of convenience 
in carrying the box. The front is to be enclosed by 
a door made in two parts, the upper section of 
which is glass which will admit of observing the 
thermometer. Proper adjustment of the thumb- 
screw and bar makes the box ready for use. 



I 



9. The Lower Temperature Box. 

Fig. 2 shows a box specially made for testing 
watches in cold. It is constructed of wood and 
stands about twenty-four inches high without the 
legs and about eighteen inches square. 

A double partition packed with about one inch 
of sawdust will be most reliable. 

The upper half of the box should contain a water- 
tight zinc tank for holding cracked ice and about 
an inch of space should be left above for circulation 
of the air, 

(.11.) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 



The chamber for receiving the matches may be 
about six inches square and supported by a cross- 
piece and attachment to the front. It should be 
covered above to prevent particles of ice from fall- 
ing on the watches which are to be placed on the 
floor or on a shelf of the chamber, but the sides 
may be left partly open to improve the circulation 
of cold air. The door may also be filled w T ith saw- 
dust but does not require glass as the moisture 
would prevent observation of the thermometer 

which should be in- 
side for checking up 
the temperature 
when the door is 
opened. 

The bottom of the 
tanks hould be slight- 
ly higher on one side 
than on the other, 
with a one-half inch 
drain pipe fitted to 
the low side. The 
inlet end of the pipe 
should be covered 
with a fine screen to 
prevent dirt from 
accumulating in the pipe and the outlet may be 
either at the extreme bottom or on one of the 
sides as shown in the cut. The upper part or 
cover of box should be made so that it can be easily 
removed for filling and cleaning the tank. 




(12) 



CHAPTER III 

DIFFERENCE IN OBSERVATORY AND 
COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS 



10. Observatory System. 

IN THE foreign observatories where watches 
are generally tested for competition prize, or 
certificate purposes, they are subjected to 
either three or five day tests in each temperature, 
preceded by one intermediate day at normal 
temperature which is not considered in making the 
deductions. The purpose of this is to allow the 
metals to assume the natural condition before 
being placed in, or changed from, one degree of 
temperature to another. After the three or five 
day test, according to the grade of the watch, the 
average of the daily rates in each temperature is 
considered in making the comparison and arriving 
at the total variation. The total error is then con- 
sidered in the summary, as a fraction of a second 
variation per each degree of temperature. As an 
example we will consider that the total error be- 
tween the two averages is five seconds and that the 
difference in the two extremes of temperature was 
fifty degrees F. The variation would be given as 
one-tenth of a second per each degree of temperature. 



11. Commercial System. 

In manufacturing watches for commercial pur- 
poses, both foreign and domestic, the tests are 
generally made for twenty-four hours in each tem- 
perature and the difference in the rates is considered 
as the total error. 

Sometimes preliminary tests of four or six hours 
in each temperature are made to obtain an estimate 

(13) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

as to the extent of error, then alterations are made, 
after which the watch is subjected to the regular 
twenty-four hour test. There is nothing to be 
gained by this in regular work, although for a special 
rush job a day's time may be saved. Watches are 
always expected to be* in first-class condition and 
such features as close fitting pivots or dirty oil will 
prevent any dependable timing. It is also advis- 
able to time them closely before the test is made, as 
too great mean time variation may confuse in esti- 
mating the error, especially if the time is not taken 
in each temperature exactly at the end of twenty- 
four hours. 

The testing should preferably be done in the dial 
up position to eliminate poise errors as much as 
possible. The first test is made in heat at 90° 
Fahr., then in normal temperature of sixty-five or 
seventy degrees and finally in the lower extreme of 
40° Fahr. 

When the watch is removed from the cold box it 
will be covered with moisture which will immediate- 
ly begin to condense. The time should therefore 
be quickly noted and the watch replaced in the 
higher temperature box for four or five hours to 
become thoroughly dry and prevent against rusting 
of the steel parts. 

12. Rating Card and Method of Calculating Variation. 

A card ruled similar to the cut shown in Fig. 3, 
may be used for entering the rates and the watch 
need only be set at the beginning of each test, as 
deductions can be made from the entries on the 
card and the variation accurately ascertained with- 
out resetting or disturbing the time. 

Details as to the methods to be followed would be 
about as follows: Wind and set the watch to correct 
time, place it in the heat box and at the end of 
twenty-four hours enter the variation from correct 
time in the upper left hand square of the card. 

Assuming that the time is four seconds fast, enter 

C14J 



Difference in Systems 



this as shown in the first column Fig. 3, then wind 
but do not set the watch and place it in normal 
temperature and at the end of twenty-four hours 
enter the total variation noted in the second square 
of first column. Assuming the time to be just cor- 

Fig. 3 



No Make 


HEAT 


+t 


++ 


tl 


*2 








NORMAL 


Q 


~+ 


+6 


** 








COLD 


Hi 


+ii, 


+t 


♦X 









IX 

rect, place a zero as shown. Next wind the watch 
and place it in the cold box, and assuming that the 
variation is sixteen seconds fast at the end of twenty- 
four hours, enter this in the lower square of the 
first column as shown in Fig. 3. The watch is next 
placed in the heat box to dry and the variation 
shown in the three sets of figures in first column are 
carried out as follows. 

In the upper square we find +4, enter this in 
upper square of second column at its full value as 
shown. 

Next we find a "O" in the second square of first 
column, and as this is a loss of four seconds from 
the entry shown in the square above we carry it 
out in second column as — 4. In the lower square of 
first column we find +16 and as this is a gain of 
sixteen seconds over the square above, it is neces- 
sary to carry this to second column at its full value 
as per illustration. 

To determine the extent of variation between 
heat and cold, simply ignore the normal rate of — 4 
in the second column and subtract +4, from +16, 
which indicates an error of twelve seconds slow in 
heat compared to cold. 

Or it may be determined as twelve seconds fast 
in cold compared to heat. For convenience sake 
it is advisable to form the habit of using one of the 

(.15.) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

temperatures as a unit for comparison and wherever 
large quantities of watches are adjusted, it is 
generally the custom to use the higher temperature 
for this purpose and the rate is stated as either slow 
or fast in heat. In this instance the rate is slow in 
heat and it will be necessary to shift one or more 
pairs of screws toward the cut as explained in 
Chapter 1, No. 2. 

13. Value of the Normal Period Rate. 

The rate in the normal period cannot be con- 
sidered as of any value, its importance consisting 
only of allowing the metals to return to the natural 
form and tension before being placed in the cold box. 

This is quite important in obtaining a true esti- 
mate of the error, because of the fact 'that in trans- 
ferring the watch immediately from the extreme of 
heat to the extreme of cold, there will be a period of 
time during which the metals are readjusting 
themselves to the natural form, and the variation 
in time during this period will not be accounted for, 
as the real comparative rate will not begin to develop 
until after the natural form and tension is reached. 

If the limit of time devoted to testing is no object 
and if a very fine rate is desired the observatory 
method is of course to be preferred. However, by 
allowing an intermediate day at normal tempera- 
ture we have the assurance that the hairspring is 
at the same tension and that the balance has the 
same form concentrically when the test begins in 
cold that it had when the test began in heat. 

As the object is to find the variation between the 
two temperature extremes the estimate will be 
quite close enough and allows the saving of many 
days' time. Some authorities advocate in addition 
to the five days required for observatory testing in 
each temperature that the watch be subjected to 
an intermediate day in each, instead of in normal, 
before considering the daily rate. This seems very 
logical, as the time noted each day would be taken 

(16) 



Difference in Systems 



at the actual extremes in both instances and any 
outside factor in the timing would be eliminated. 

14. Definition of the Characters Used on Rate 
Cards for Gain or Loss in Time. 

In making entries on the rate cards and in figur- 
ing the variations the sign + is used as denoting 
that the watch is running faster than the standard 
time and the sign — is used as denoting that it is 
running slower than standard time. 

This is stated for the reason that in some in- 
stances, generally foreign, the signs are used in re- 
verse, or as indicating that the watch requires a 
correction of + or — the number of seconds indi- 
cated, to attain the correct standard of time. 
When the signs are identical in a column it is neces- 
sary to subtract the lesser from the greater and the 
result is the variation. There are often instances 
however, when one rate will be + and the other — 
as shown in second column of Fig. 4, and in these 
instances it is necessary to add the figures to obtain 
the variation. 

The first column is always the progressive rate 
and the second, column shows the variation carried 
out. This example shows +8 in heat, the normal 
rate in the second square is not considered, for 
the reason previously explained and the rate in 
cold is shown as — 1. The total variation between 
the extremes is therefore arrived at by adding 
+ 8 and — 1, which in this instance gives us a total 
of nine seconds fast in heat. 



Fig. 4 



No Make 


HEAT 


ft 


tfr 












NORMAL 


f*4> 


f/3L 












COLD 


«? 


-7 













(17) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

15. Increasing or Decreasing the Extremes of Tem- 
perature. 

The extremes of 40° and 90° Fahr. have been 
used for the reason that they are best suited for 
general purposes. « When it is known, however, 
that a watch is to be used in a warm climate the 
extremes may be raised five or ten degrees to ad- 
vantage. If the watch is to be used in a cold climate, 
the extremes may be lowered this amount. The 
metals, however, can only stand the strain of expan- 
sion and contraction to a certain degree, and still 
maintain the positive qualities. Therefore it is 
quite important that the extremes be not raised or 
lowered very much beyond these figures. 



(18) 



CHAPTER IV 

SOME PRACTICAL METHODS OF 
CORRECTION 



16. Example of Maintaining a Pleasing Appear- 
ance of the Balance. 

IN ALTERING the location of screws during 
the temperature adjustment it is often possible 

to either mar or improve the appearance of 
the balance. As a demonstration of this point 
the correction made in regard to Fig. 3 is analyzed. 
The balance had twelve screw holes in each rim, 
with the space between the first and second holes 
from the arms equal to double the space between 
any other two holes. There were seven screws in 
each rim, equally divided as per cut Fig. 5, which 
indicates screws in the first, second, fourth, sixth, 
eighth, tenth and twelfth holes. 

A correction of the 
rate could have been q 3 ** 6 s 

obtained by shifting \* n ft t - 

the screws in either the _ ^ 
sixth or eighth holes 
forward three holes. 
Or those in either the 
first or second holes 
could have been shifted 
to the ninth holes and 
those in the fourth holes 
might have been shifted 
to the ninth holes with ig * 

good results possible in either instance. 

Moving one pair of screws under any circum- 
stances however would have caused a massing of 
three pairs of screws at some point and a vacant 
space of three holes at another point which would 

(19) 




% 




Fig. 6 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

not present a very good appearance for high grade 
work. Therefore the alteration made was to move 
the screws from the second to the third holes, 

fourth to seventh, and 
from the eighth to the 
ninth holes as indicated 
by the positions shown 
in Fig. 6. 

Examination of the 
fourth column Fig. 3, 
which gives the result 
of the second test will 
show that the desired 
correction was obtained 
with a better appear- 
ance of the balance 
than would have been possible if only one pair of 
screws had been shifted. 

In following the logic of the alterations made we 
must consider that the screws moved from the 
second to third holes made no correction, due to 
the fact that the balance rims remain almost sta- 
tionary at this point, the alteration being for ap- 
pearance only, those moved from the fourth to the 
seventh holes were estimated for a correction of 
seven or eight seconds only, for the reason that the 
alteration did not carry them beyond the center of 
the rims where the greatest curvature takes place. 
The screws moved from the eighth to the ninth 
holes however were estimated for the full correction 
of four or five seconds which is to be expected 
through shifting a normal pair of screws from one 
hole to another beyond the center of the rim on 
sixteen or eighteen size balances. In moving a 
pair of screws one hole between the first quarter 
and the center of the rims, a correction of from two 
to three seconds can be expected and from the 
center to the cut the difference for one hole is 
generally four or five seconds, while an alteration 
between the arm and the first quarter seldom yields 
any correction. 



(20) 



Some Practical Methods of Correction 

The matter of appearance should at all times be 
respected, for it is just as easy to obtain results in 
most instances and also have a well-appearing 
balance. There is also less disturbance of the poise 
usually in moving several pairs of screws a short 
distance than there is in moving one pair a longer 
distance. 

17. Correction Varies When Screws are Above or Be- 
low Normal Size and Weight. 

Normal corrections can only be realized when 
normal screws are shifted. Some balances have 
one half, or quarter head screws which of course 
will not produce a correction as great as will be 
obtained by shifting regular screws. Sometimes 
platinum, or other extra heavy screws will be 
found in balances and these will produce a correction 
almost double that of ordinary screws of the same 
size. 

18. Over or Undercompensation. 

On some occasions it will be found impossible to 
maintain a pleasing arrangement of the screws be- 
cause the temperature variation will make it neces- 
sary to mass all of the screws either in the holes 
nearest the cuts or in those nearest the arms. 

This is due to either over or under compensation 
of the balance. Over compensation is caused by 
too large a proportion of brass in the rims, which 
causes them to curve inward too far at the free 
ends in heat and outward too far in cold. When 
the extent of this error is so great that the rate is 
still fast in heat, with the screws massed in the 
holes nearest the arm, a correction can be obtained 
by fitting heavier screws in the holes adjacent to 
the arms and lighter screws in the holes nearer the 
free ends. 

When the rate in heat is slow with the screws 
massed at the free ends of rims the balance is 

(21) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

under compensated, which is caused by too large a 
proportion of steel compared to the proportion of 
brass in the rims. This prevents the free ends of 
rims from curving inward far enough to carry the 
weight the proper distance toward the center of 
balance. A correction for this can be obtained by 
fitting heavier screws in the holes adjacent to the 
cuts and lighter screws in the holes toward the 
center of rims. 

In changing the weight of screws as stated above 
it should be remembered that the gross weight of 
all screws must remain the same or the timing will 
be seriously affected. It is also important that the 
poise be tested whenever a considerable degree of 
alteration is made, as this will assist in obtaining 
an accurate rate. 

19. Special Corrections for Over or Under Compen- 
sation. 

Balances having the extreme degree of over or 
under compensation will seldom be found in high 
grade watches. In any instance, however, it is pos- 
sible to obtain a better distribution of the screws 
by fitting either a larger or a smaller hairspring. 
For instance, we will assume a case of under compen- 
sation in which the screws have all been massed at 
the holes nearest the cuts. If the spring has 
seventeen coils, a correction of from five to ten sec- 
onds can be obtained by selecting and fitting a 
spring of the same make that will have eighteen coils, 
and the correction obtained will permit of shifting 
one or two pairs of screws back toward the arms. 

In case of over compensation a spring of the 
same make, one coil smaller, will permit of shifting 
one or two pairs of screws toward the free ends of 
rims. 

In a series of tests it was demonstrated that by 
duplicating or changing springs of the same make 
and size, on balances that had previously been 
compensated, there was very slight difference in 

(22) 



Some Practical Methods of Correction 

the temperature variation of the watch. Also by 
changing pinning points or breaking out one-fourth 
to one-half of the coil around collet and adding 
weight to the balances to correct the mean time the 
difference in the variation was almost negligible. 

On the other hand it was found that by replacing 
the springs with others of larger or smaller size, 
variations of from three to ten seconds were noted 
in all instances. 

In selecting and fitting a spring that will be one 
coil larger or smaller, it should be noted that the 
inner coil of the original spring and that of the new 
spring are approximately the same distance from 
the collet. For if there was considerable space be- 
tween the collet and inner coil of the original spring, 
and the new spring was colleted quite close, there 
might be the addition of an extra coil in the inside 
only. This was found to produce only a very 
slight correction, compared to that obtained by 
the addition of a complete outer coil. These tests 
indicate that the proportion of strength of the 
spring in the temperatures varies with any appre- 
ciable change in length while slight changes make 
practically no difference. 

20. Example Demonstrating that Temperature Varia- 
tion is not Always Due to the Balance and Spring. 

The following example is submitted to show that 
temperature variation is not always due to the 



Fig. 7 



No. 



■Make 



HEAT 



NORMAL 



COLD 



Z1*ZH±!L 



-C 



ttiatta 



i±t£ 



w 



±± 



+i 



bttjQjg 



+i 



tttl 



it s* % 

balance and spring, and that the general condition 
of the watch may be responsible. The second 
column of Fig. 7, indicates an error of twenty- 

(23) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

eight seconds slow in heat with all screws assembled 
in the holes nearest the free ends of the rims. 

Examination proved that the motion of the bal- 
ance in cold was reduced to about one-fourth of a 
turn. In heat the arc of motion was at least one 
full turn. This difference in motion was sufficient 
to prove that there was some binding in the train. 

A very close fitting of the escape pivots was 
found and this undoubtedly caused binding of the 
pivots in heat due to slight expansion. Expansion 
of the stone would also tend to close the hole, and 
while the degree of temperature would hardly have 
any bearing on this point it is sufficient to show in 
what direction the tendency would be. The 
fourth wheel end shake was very close and prob- 
ably caused binding of the wheel in cold, due to 
greater contraction of the bridge than of the fourth 
pinion. Furthermore the mainspring was only 
0.02 of a millimeter narrower than the space in 
the barrel box. This no doubt also caused binding 
through greater contraction of the barrel than oc- 
curred in the mainspring. 

The above defects were remedied and the rate 
was found to be eight seconds plus in heat as per 
third and fourth columns Fig. 7. 

This made it necessary to shift several of the 
screws away from the cut, in almost the same posi- 
tion in which they were before the alteration which 
caused the close assembling of the screws was made. 
The final rate was two seconds slow in heat as 
shown in fifth and sixth columns. 

The variation of thirty-six seconds between the 
second and fourth columns was entirely erroneous, 
and was due to condition of the watch irrespective 
of the balance and hairspring. Should the varia- 
tion with the screws assembled have been by 
chance within the limits of allowance the watch 
would undoubtedly have been a very unreliable 
timepiece. The errors in the watch would no d oubt 
have been corrected during the position adjust- 
ment later, but the large error in temperature 

(24) 



Some Practical Methods of Correction 

which would have been introduced by wrongly 
moving the screws, would have prevented reliable 
timing until possibly at some future period a test in 
temperature would have been made and the screws 
replaced in the proper positions. 



(25) 



CHAPTER V 
THE MIDDLE TEMPERATURE ERROR 

21. Why This Error Exists and What it Consists Of. 

IN ADJUSTING watches to temperature it is 
not always possible nor expected to obtain a 

perfect rate between the two extremes, manu- 
facturers generally allowing from two to ten seconds 
variation according to the grade. 

Even when the rate obtained is perfect it will 
only be so at the two extremes and there will al- 
ways be a few seconds variation in the middle or 
normal temperature. 

This variation will always be a gain of from two 
to four seconds in the higher grades of steel brass 
balances and usually more in cheaper balances. 

As there is no possible correction for this irregu- 
larity in ordinary balances it has long been known 
as the middle temperature error and for many years 
was one of the most perplexing problems that the 
manufacturer of specially fine timepieces had to 
deal with. 

Various devices were originated from time to 
time for the purpose of counteracting the error but 
they were always too infinitely complicated to be 
of commercial or scientific value, and none of them 
were ever adopted as a solution of the problem. 

In chapter I, No. 3, will be found a description 
of the distortions of compensation balances in the 
extremes of temperature and the cause of the middle 
error is due entirely to the fact that these distor- 
tions are not exactly equal in both directions. 
The free ends of the rims are drawn outward from 
the concentric form to a slightly greater propor- 
tional degree as the temperature decreases from nor- 
mal and they are not forced inward at an even pro- 
portional degree with increase of temperature. 

(26) 



The Middle Temperature Error 

22. How Nickel Steel Balances Overcome the Middle 
Temperature Error. 

Through extensive experiment in the foreign 
laboratories balances containing nickel _ steel have 
been found to almost eliminate the middle error, 
which is reduced to one second or less, making it 
possible to obtain perfect adjustment in various 
temperatures. 

All highest prize watches passing through the 
Geneva Observatory are equipped with these bal- 
ances and they have been adopted for commercial 
use to a large extent by the manufacturers of the 
finer grades of watches. 

From the same source success has recently been 
attained in applying this metal to hairsprings and 
using them in connection with uncut balances, 
but owing to the necessary high cost of production, 
their general use may be delayed for some years to 
come. Their general use however would revolu- 
tionize the present-day methods of adjusting to 
temperature as there would be practically no ex- 
pansion or contraction to deal with. 

Nickel steel balances will always be found to 
have the cuts about one eighth of the circle distant 
from the arms instead of close to the arms. This 
is made necessary by the fact that the coefficient 
of nickel steel is about ten times less than that of 
ordinary steel, and if the cuts were made close to 
the arms the brass in expansion would force the 
free end of the rims to curve inward to such an 
extent that it would cause an abnormally fast rate 
in heat. 

By making the cuts more central the length of 
the segments are reduced, thereby causing less 
curvature of the extreme ends and more nearly 
equalizing the extent of curvature both ways from 
the concentric form. This equalization is what 
causes the reduction in the middle error and its 
absence in ordinary balances is what causes the 
larger error, 

(27) 



The Adjustment to Temperature 

Non-magnetic or palladium balances are also 
credited with a smaller middle temperature error 
than the ordinary steel brass balance, but owing to 
the unstable nature of the metal they have not 
proved to be as reliable in other respects and are 
not used to any large extent. 

The middle temperature error is of course a small 
factor in the larger sense of obtaining time from 
commercial watches but its influence is apparent in 
timing and it will therefore be considered further in 
the section devoted to Final Regulation, Chapter 
XV, No. 77. 



(28) 



PART II 

THE ADJUSTMENT TO ISOCHRONISM 
AND POSITIONS 



CHAPTER VI 
GENERAL CONSIDERATION 

23. Optional Allowances for Variation. 

THE phrase 'Adjusted to Isochronism and 
Positions" does not always indicate the same 
high quality or the expense assumed in obtain- 
ing close rating in different kinds of watches. 

One particular model may be stamped 'Adjusted 
to Five Positions" and this may indicate that the 
manufacturer of this model has tested all watches 
of this grade for twenty-four hours in each of five 
positions and that the extreme extent of variation 
from one position to any other, among any of these 
watches, did not exceed six seconds. Another 
model may be stamped in exactly the same way and 
it may indicate that all watches of that particular 
grade have been tested in exactly the same way and 
that the extreme extent of variation from one 
position to any other, did not exceed twenty-five 
seconds. 

The statement regarding the number of positions 
to which the watch has been adjusted is just as 
legitimate in the latter instance as it is in the former, 
for the watches are really tested in five positions 
and required to perform within specified allowances. 

The important difference is in the established 
limits of requirement, one demanding an extreme of 
only six seconds variation and the other allowing 
twenty-five seconds. Both watches may have the 
same number of jewels and there is no way to dis- 
cern the actual variation except through a test in 
positions. 

Technically it would be just as legitimate to 
stamp and advertise watches as above and have an 
allowance of fifty or more seconds, providing that 

(31) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

they were actually tested and not allowed to pass 
with a variation greater than this limit. 

Close limits of allowance require adjusters of 
greater skill and material of a finer degree of ac- 
curacy, however, than do greater allowances, but 
the dealer and consumer are generally not informed 
in regard to this particular point. Some watch- 
makers also do not understand this feature clearly 
and the limits of variation to which watches have 
been adjusted are seldom considered. 

Should the difference in allowances and identical 
advertising be interpreted as an injustice to the 
manufacturer who maintains close limits for his 
various grades of watches, it must be remembered 
that they speak for themselves after passing over 
the counter and into the handsof satisfied customers. 
His reputation after a period of years will be more 
firmly established than will that of his less partic- 
ular competitor in the high grade field. A similar 
situation prevails in the repair shop, and the fact 
that many of the leading dealers and railroad watch 
inspectors require at least a three position adjust- 
ment in the repairing of high grade watches, is 
convincing evidence that position rating demon- 
strates its importance in actual service when ap- 
plied to repair work, as surely as it does when 
applied to new watches. 

In placing limits of allowance for variation in 
various grades it is not intended that all watches 
of a particular grade will have the extreme varia- 
tion. It is possible that an individual watch in the 
twenty-five seconds allowance class may have an 
even better rate than another watch that is in the 
six seconds class. It is also possible for a watch in 
either class to have a perfect rate, although these 
would be rather exceptional instances. 

24. Some Necessary Requirements for Learning 
Adjusting. 

The adjustments to isochronism and positions 
are not permanent to the same extent that the 
(32) 



General Consideration 



temperature adjustment is, and they can be dam- 
aged or destroyed entirely by the average workman 
in making ordinary repairs unless he is familiar 
with the common principles governing their produc- 
tion and maintenance. 

Experienced workmen who are familiar with 
these principles avoid unconsciously doing any 
damage and make practical repairs in a manner 
that will maintain or improve the original adjust- 
ment and time-keeping qualities of the watch. 

To know and to make use of these principles does 
not make a "putterer" of the workman, in fact 
the consequence is just the reverse, because the 
training acquired tends to eliminate guess work 
and enables him to determine more readily as to 
just what the trouble may be, how to correct it, 
and as to just what degree of perfection is required 
in a particular instance. 

Certain practical requirements are necessary in 
reaching this standard of workmanship and it 
would not be profitable to attempt to do adjusting 
unless one has first had a reasonable degree of 
training as a watchmaker or repairer, especially in 
such branches of the work as truing and poising 
balances; truing, leveling and centering hairsprings ; 
matching the escapement; finishing pivots, and 
properly cleaning and assembling watches. 

These mechanical requirements and experiences 
alone are not sufficient, however, and a certain 
amount of study must be consolidated with them in 
order to become proficient. This study should not 
deal so much with the problems of manufacture of 
the watch, or its various parts, as it does with the 
problems pertaining to the finished results that are 
to be obtained through refinement and intelligent 
assembly of these parts. The workman's willing- 
ness to indulge in such study is a very large asset 
among the requirements, and it only remains for 
him to obtain the proper class of instruction and 
then to conscientiously follow correct methods in 
his practice and to make personal experiments, 



C33) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

conforming to the instruction, so that his confidence 
will become more enduring. 

It is further required that he be capable of realiz- 
ing the difference between genuine and imitation 
materials, especially such essentials as balance 
staffs, hole jewels, mainsprings and roller jewels, 
which are the most frequently changed and most 
frequently substituted parts of watches. Imitation 
materials may be less expensive as a matter of 
first cost but staffs may have pivots and shoulders 
out of line, or out of true; hole jewels may be 
rough, out of round or extremely thick; main- 
springs soft, or of improper proportion, and roller 
jewels may have sharp edges which cause rubbing 
in the fork and "hanging up" when the second hand 
is reversed. It is most satisfactory to depend upon 
the materials supplied by the manufacturer of the 
watch, as imitation goods are seldom any better. 

25. Train and Escapement Freedom. 

Beyond a general insight of high class watch- 
work this book is not intended to meet the require- 
ments of beginners. It is designed principally for 
watchmakers of some experience, and cannot pre- 
sume to cover details that would be essential for 
those in early apprenticeship. It is thought essen- 
tial, however, to consider some matters in a general 
way and among these are the subjects of side shakes 
and end shakes, and the escapement, as far as 
they pertain to general inspection of the watch 
without consideration of details that refer to cor- 
rection of irregularities which are presumed to have 
been acquired in earlier training. 

Thoroughness of mechanical ability always de- 
mands a system of inspection and of making cor- 
rections and it is quite necessary to follow some 
method that will reveal any point or points that 
may not be up to standard. 

As a rule it is best to begin at either end of the 
watch, and if it is to be taken down the best place 

(34) 



General Consideration 



to begin is usually with the balance and examine 
each part as it is removed until the barrel has been 
reached. If it is not to be taken down, just as good 
results will be obtained by beginning the examina- 
tion at the barrel and finishing with the balance. 
Sometimes watchmakers of considerable ability 
will demand as a basic consideration that pivots be 
fitted with very little side shake and that end shakes 
also be quite close if close time is to be expected. 

These presumed to be, wide side shakes and long 
end shakes, very often have nothing whatever to 
do with the absence of a close position rate and 
frequently are absolutely necessary for good per- 
formance of the watch and proper space for oil. 

The importance of reasonable limits is of course 
granted, but it is very detrimental to have pivots 
too close fitting and more stoppage and irregular 
time keeping can be traced to lack of freedom than 
can be traced to excessive shakes. 

If the repairer is not familiar with accepted 
standards of side and end shakes, he can improve 
his judgment by examining watches of the higher 
grades and comparing the results with those found 
in cheaper makes of watches. 

Such examination will invariably disclose the 
fact that fine watches receive very careful considera- 
tion in this respect. The center, third and fourth 
wheels generally having from 0.03 mm. to 0.05 mm. 
freedom for end shake and 0.015 mm. to 0.02 mm. 
for side shake. The escape wheel, pallet and 
balance will be found to run quite uniform at from 
0.02 mm. to 0.03 mm. freedom for end shake and 
from 0.0075 mm. to 0.0125 mm. for side shake. 
The smaller and thinner watches generally favoring 
the lesser figures and the larger and thicker watches 
favoring the higher. 

This uniformity of freedom will be found absent 
in cheaper watches; for instance, a center wheel may 
have 0.02 mm. end shake and 0.01 mm. side shake 
which would be very close fitting for large pivots. 
The fourth wheel may have as much as 0.08 mm. 



(35) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

end shake and 0.03 mm. side shake which would 
be too great. The pallet may have 0.05 mm. end 
shake and the balance 0.01 mm. and in this in- 
stance the short end shake of the balance would be 
more detrimental in most instances than would the 
longer end shake of the pallet. The variation will 
even be found to exceed these figures and when 
they are found in connection with thick, straight 
hole jewels they often interfere with a close position 
rate and with regularity of time in service. The inter- 
ference in timekeeping is considerably aggravated 
in cases where one pivot has excessive side shake 
and the opposite pivot is close fitting, as this tends 
to cause almost certain binding of the close fitting 
pivot as soon as the power of the mainspring is 
applied. 

The end shake and side shake allowance for the 
barrel depends considerably upon its style of 
construction. Safety barrels constructed so that 
the arbor revolves with the main wheel, when the 
watch is running, may have about the same end 
shake and side shake as applied to the center, third 
and fourth wheels, and if the pivots of the arbor are 
quite large they may have a trifle more side shake. 

As a rule larger pivots will stand more side shake 
than smaller pivots; this, however, does not apply 
in the case of large bearings, such as safety main 
wheels that revolve around a stationary arbor, or 
going barrels where the entire barrel revolves around 
the stationary arbor when the watch is running. 

In such instances the main wheel or barrel should 
have from 0.03 mm. to 0.05 mm. end shake on the 
arbor and should be just free for side shake. 

The arbor which turns only when the watch is 
wound requires merely freedom for end shake be- 
tween the plates, as well as for side shake where 
the pivots pass through the plates. 

With reference to the escapement, good watch- 
makers often have different methods of examining 
the various points and of making corrections and it 
is not of so much importance as to just how correct 

(36) 



General Consideration 



conditions are obtained, as it is that they actually be 
obtained. 

Whatever the method may be it is certain that 
each escape wheel tooth must have positive locking 
on each pallet stone and that there must be positive 
space for drop between the back of each stone and 
the pointed end of each escape wheel tooth. There 
must also be sufficient draw when each tooth and 
stone are locked to hold the fork against the bank- 
ings. 

When the lock, drop and draw are correct it is 
next necessary to see that the fork length and guard 
pin freedom are correct. 

There is only one positive method of determining 
as to when the fork length is correct, and this is 
through closing the bankings to drop. 

This can be done either before or after placing 
the balance in the watch and merely requires 
turning the banking screws so that the excentric 
pins will close in on the fork until the fork arrives 
at the pins, at the same instant that the tooth 
drops on the pallet stone. This eliminates any 
slide of the stone on the tooth beyond the actual 
locking and in this condition it is required that the 
roller jewel pass through the fork slot and out of 
the fork horn entirely on both sides with perfect 
freedom. 

Should it touch on both sides of the fork, then 
the fork is either too long or the roller jewel is too 
far forward, and if it touches on one side only it 
may require simply equalization of the freedom. 
The guard pin length also must be obtained with 
the bankings closed to drop and should be just free 
from the safety roller on both sides. 

When the inspection proves that these conditions 
have been properly provided for, it is necessary to 
slightly open the bankings so that there will be just 
a trifle of slide of each stone, on each tooth, after 
the locking takes place. 

Extremely wide side shakes of the escape, pallet 
or balance pivots will sometimes cause striking of 

(37) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

the roller jewel when conditions are otherwise cor- 
rect, and these side shakes should not be very 
much beyond the extreme limits mentioned in this 
number. The fact of this feature, however, should 
not be construed as a recommendation that these 
pivots be closely fitted, for reasonable freedom is 
to be desired because it is positively necessary. 



(38) 



CHAPTER VII 
THEORY AND PRACTICE 

26. Theory of Frictional Errors and the Isochronal 

Hairspring. 

THEORY teaches us in brief, that the position 
adjustment is made necessary principally be- 
cause of frictional errors. It would therefore 
seem that if the watch was mechanically correct 
there would be little or no requirement for position 
alterations. 

We are also advised that an isochronal hair- 
spring is one which will cause the long and short 
arcs of the balance to be made in equal time and 
that to attain this, the center of gravity of the spring 
must coincide with the center of gravity of the bal- 
ance and that a certain pinning point is necessary 
in producing this result. 

Now if we have a watch of correct mechanical 
construction and fitted with an isochronal spring 
it would seem that a close rating timepiece would 
be assured. 

27. How Theory Works Out in Practice and What 
Isochronism Consists of. 

Practical adjusting, however, proves that such is 
not the case, for even when the construction and 
alterations produce watches as nearly correct as 
scientific methods can determine, there is often 
considerable variation in the position rates. A 
twenty-four hour test in any position may prove 
that the long and short arcs are made in equal 
time showing the spring to be isochronous and 
yet the position variations have not been accounted 
for. In this connection experience proves that a 

(39) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

spring showing a perfect isochronal rate may have 
its collet pinning point changed, in relation to the 
pinning point at the stud and that through such an 
alteration, a correction in positions can be obtained, 
without in the least disturbing the perfect isochronal 
rate. 

This indicates that the separation of the two ad- 
justments which is possible in theory, does not 
hold good in practice, because a spring showing a 
perfect isochronal rate has been altered for the 
purpose of counteracting some position error and 
thereby producing a practical center of gravity of 
the balance and spring combined, instead of 
separately. 

This may be further explained as creating an 
error in a spring which is supposed to be theoretically 
isochronous, with the idea of making it act in opposi- 
tion to the position error and the combination 
thus obtained produces practical isochronism as 
well as a corrected position rate. 

It is not suggested that these relative pinning 
points be altered for the purpose of overcoming 
position variation such as may be caused by dirt 
and gummy oil, damaged pivots, or balances that 
are out of poise. The watch should be in first-class 
condition and have a good motion in every position 
and then the alterations may be safely undertaken 
in accordance with the principles. 

Adjusted to isochronism indicates that the watch 
functions uniformly during the entire twenty-four 
hours running. It is immaterial as to whether the 
rate be perfect or whether it be a gain or a loss, so 
long as it is uniform. 

The watch is not isochronous if there is both a 
gain and a loss in the rate, even though the time 
be perfect at the expiration of twenty-four hours. 

Experiment will demonstrate that watches care- 
fully adjusted to positions will also have a very 
close isochronal rate. These isochronal experi- 
ments can be made by timing watches for twenty- 
four- hours in any one of the vertical positions and 

(40,) 



Theory and Practice 



noting the variation in periods of from four to 
twelve hours and by comparing the variation in the 
first period, during which time the arc of motion 
is long, with the variation in the latter period when 
the mainspring power is weaker and the arc of 
motion is short. 

28. Common Causes of Extreme Isochronal Variation. 

The most common causes of isochronal variation 
with which the repairer has to deal and which are 
often very destructive to position rates, as well as 
to general time keeping, may be found in the factor 
of, out of poise and uneven motive force, which is 
one of the elementary principles of adjusting. This 
feature should be thoroughly understood by all 
watchmakers, so that as good results as possible 
may be obtained from all watches above low grade, 
even though no test for adjustment is to be made. 

When the balance is slightly out of poise and the 
motion is exactly one and one-fourth turn during 
the twenty-four hours, this out of poise will not 
affect the isochronism. When the motion varies 
and reaches approximately one and one-half turn 
during the first few hours after winding and then 
drops to one and one-quarter turn and finally to one 
turn or less during the latter part of the twenty-four 
hours, the poise error will have considerable effect. 
This factor is not perceptible in the flat positions, 
but shows up to the full extent in the vertical posi- 
tions and the variation differs according to the loca- 
tion of the point that is heavy. For example, if 
the balance is heavy on the lower side when at rest, 
the watch will lose during the hours that the arc of 
motion is over one and one- fourth turn and will 
gain when the motion drops to one turn or less. 

Should the heavy point be on the top side of 
balance the result will be reversed and the watch 
will gain when the motion is over one and one- 
fourth turn and will lose when it drops to one turn 
or less. 

(41) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

The total variation may be either seconds or 
minutes, depending upon the extent of the poise 
error and experiments will prove that serious iso- 
chronal variations can be traced to the simple 
cause of lack of poise and irregular motion in more 
instances than to any other cause. 

The arc of one and one-fourth turn is the ideal 
motion, as slight poise errors are neutralized at this 
point, but very few watches will maintain this mo- 
tion for twenty-four hours, therefore the poise 
must be as nearly perfect as possible. The nearest 
approach to even motion of modern watches is 
found in the fine Swiss grades equipped with stop 
work, which causes only the best part of the main- 
spring to be utilized. 

Such watches also receive the most expert at- 
tention as to gearings of wheels and pinions and the 
train wheels are specially rounded up on their re- 
spective staffs. This latter feature has been adopted 
by at least two of the American manufacturers of 
fine watches during the past few years with consid- 
erable benefit in producing even motion and the use 
of lighter mainsprings. It should be definitely 
understood that these tests refer to the vertical 
positions of the watch only and that the horizontal 
positions are not affected in the same way by lack 
of poise. 



(42) 



CHAPTER VIII 

RELATIVE PINNING POINTS OF THE 
HAIRSPRING 



29. Original Springing of Watches. 

THEORY and practice agree that different 
models of watches have important relative 
points of attachment of the spring to collet 
and stud. In the original springing and adjusting of 
high grade watches, these points receive careful 
consideration, and only a very small percentage 
ever require future alterations. 

There are instances, however, where the original 
allowance of position variation has been consider- 
able, also medium grades where no attention has 
been directed to pinning points and in which an 
occasional alteration may be required before a close 
position rate can be obtained. 

30. How Pinning Point Alterations are Made. 

These alterations are generally made by breaking 
off or letting out a small section of the inner coil at 
the collet. In making such alterations a quarter 
of a coil broken away at the collet will have the 
same effect as will a quarter of a coil broken off at 
the outer end and will require less weighting of the 
balance to correct the mean time. It will also avoid 
breaking and remaking the over coil and the possible 
necessity of readjustment to temperature. Letting 
out the spring can be accomplished by unpinning 
and repinning the spring at collet with less of the 
coil entered in the pinhole. This is not a positive 
alteration, however, because very often the segment 
in the pinhole is as short as it can be with safety. 

A more substantial correction is that of reforming 

(43) 




The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

the over coil in a manner that will cause the end 
holding the stud to be shifted further forward. 

The method of obtaining this correction is illus- 
trated in Fig. 8. The broken line shows the ori- 
ginal formation of the over coil with the stud on the 
line ' ' B " . The solid lines show the corrections with 
the stud shifted to the line A. 

When the collet is 
turned to replace the 
spring in beat, the stud 
will be in its original lo- 
cation on the line "B." 

This will cause the pin- 
ning point at collet to be 
shifted from "A" to "B" 
and bring it that much 
nearer to the horizontal 
Flt - 8 line "C." 

This alteration has the same effect as that of 
letting out the spring at the collet or of moving the 
stud forward on the over coil, with the advantage 
of eliminating any change in the mean time. 

It should be definitely understood that the ob- 
jective in making the above alterations and as illus- 
trated with the aid of the following cuts, is the rela- 
tion of the pinning point at collet to the pinning 
point at stud, and that the change in length of the 
spring has no bearing on the matter whatever as 
far as the position rate is concerned. 

31. Even Coil Hairsprings Very Incorrect for 
Some Models. 

It is often supposed that hairsprings having 
exactly even coils are correct for close position and 
isochronal rating. Such springs do approximate the 
nearest correct relation in more instances than any 
other relation. They are precisely correct for very 
few models, however, and are very incorrect for many 
models, as will be seen through study of the follow- 

(44) 



Relative Pinning Points of the Hairspring 



ing cuts showing the various points of attachment 
and the different results obtainable in each. 



32. How to Find the Correct Collet Pinning Point 
jor Any Watch. 

A very simple method of locating the proper 
point of attachment of the spring to collet is to 
face the train side of the movement and hold the 
balance stationary with a small twig, and with the 
pallet fork just 
midway be- 
tween the two 
bankings. 

Presume the 
existence of a 
vertical line 
through the 
center of hair- 
spring and col- 
let as shown 
at "A B" Fig. 
9. Then pre- 
sume a hori- 
zontal line as 



Fig. 10 



shown at "C 
D"on the same 
cut. 

The proper 
pinning point 
is at the inter- 
section of the 
collet and hori- 
zontal line; the 
spring may be 
either over or 
under even 
coils, depend- 
ing entirely up- 





The A djustment to Isochronism and Positions 



on the location of the stud hole in the balance bridge 
as demonstrated by Figures 9, 10, 14, 15. 

When the spring develops to the right from collet 
as shown in Fig. 9, for example, the proper point of 
attachment is on the right side of collet as shown 
at "E" Fig. 9. and also at "J" Fig. 14. 

If it develops to the left as the springs of all 
fine Swiss watches do, the proper point of attach- 
ment is on the left side of collet as shown at "F" 
Fig. 10. 

33. Results in Vertical Position Rates Due to 
Changing the Pinning Point. 

In either of the above instances the spring will 
develop upward as it leaves the collet. These 
points of attachment always produce a fast pendant 
up rate when compared to the opposite, or pendant 
down rate, and all high grade watches are originally 
fitted with springs conforming to this principle. 

If these points of attachment were changed to the 
opposite side of collet so that the spring would 
develop downward as shown at "G" Fig. 11, and 
"H" Fig. 12, the results would be reversed and the 
pendant up rate would be slow in comparison to the 
pendant down rate. 

This point of at- 
tachment in which 
the spring develops 
downward from the 
collet is generally 
known as the slow 
point among adjust- 
ers, and when a 
spring is pinned at 
either the slow or 
fast point the pend- 
ant right and left 
positions generally 
compare quite close- 
ly to each other in 

(46) 




Relative Pinning Points of the Hairspring 



timing, provided that the poise and other conditions 
of the watch are correct. 

If the pinning point was changed to the inter- 
section of the collet and vertical line as shown in "I" 
Fig. 13, the pendant up and down rates would 
compare nearly equal to each other and the pendant 
right position would be slow compared to the 
pendant left position. 

If it were pin- 
ned at the inter- 
section of the col- 
let and vertical 
line just opposite 
to that shown in 
Fig. 13, the pen- 
dant left position 
would be slow 
compared to the"* 
pendant right po- 
sition. 

The vertical 
points of attach- 
ment are seldom 

used, for the rea- 
son that the va- 
riation between 
the pendant right 
and left positions 
would be very 
difficult to control 
within close lim- 
its, due to the ex- 
istence of the nat- 
ural error. As 
these positions, 
together with the 
pendant up posi- 
tion are the most 
important of the four vertical positions, they are 
given preference, and the natural error is placed in 
(47) 





Fig. 13 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 




Fig. 14 



the pendant down position where it will be the least 
detrimental to the performance of the watch. 

34. The Natural 
Position Error 
and Why it 
C anno t be 
Eliminated. 

The natural er- 
ror generally con- 
sists of from 
twelve to fifteen 
seconds in finely 
constructed 
watches, and ex- 
ists because of the 
fact that it is im- 
possible to per- 
fectly poise a spi- 
ral spring. The 
location of the heavy point, however, may be shifted 
by changing the point of attachment at collet as 
described in No. 33, this Chapter. The nearest 
approximation of a poised spiral spring is probably 
attained through L. Lossier's inner terminal curve. 
Results are not positive, however, and any deviation 
from the required precision makes the curve value- 
less. It is possible to obtain perfect adjustment 
between three vertical quarter positions ani the 
two horizontal positions, but all four quarter posi- 
tions cannot be perfectly adjusted because the 
natural error will show up in one of them. Manufac- 
turers of fine watches do not of course presume to 
supply perfect adjustment in the five positions. 
Some however, have considerably closer limits of 
allowance for variation than do others and it is 
logical to presume that a line of high grade watches 
having a five position allowance of six seconds from 
one position to any other would show better results 
than another line which had even a six position ad- 



(48) 



Relative Pinning Points of the Hairspring 




Fig. 15 



justment and an allowance of fifteen seconds from 
one position to any other. 

35. Principle of Pin- 
ning Point Al- 
terations. 

When an altera- 
tion of any pinning 
point is necessary, 
the extent and direc- 
tion of the alter- 
ation are determined 
by the rate of the 
watch. For instance, 
if a spring is pinned 
at the fast point and 
if a slightly slower 
pendant up rate is 
desired, the spring 
can be broken off at the collet and pinned one-eighth 
above the horizontal line. 

If the rate is to be made slightly faster, the 
spring can be let out a trifle at the collet, the over 
coil reformed or the stud moved forward on the 
over coil so that the collet point of attachment will 
come slightly below the horizontal line when the 
spring is placed in beat. The former alteration 
causes an approach toward the slow point and in 
making the latter alteration we assume that the 
fast point is a trifle below the horizontal line on that 
particular watch. When altering springs from the 
extreme fast point to the extreme slow point, it is 
advisable to remove a trifle less of the inner coil than 
the extreme calculation. This will cause the point 
of attachment to be slightly above the horizontal 
line on the slow side and will most always produce 
the result desired and if it does not, there is still a 
possibility of further alteration. The same prin- 
ciple applies in making an alteration from the ex- 
treme slow to the extreme fast point and in this 

(49) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

case the point of attachment to collet may be just 
a trifle below the horizontal line. 

The theory of this is that all shortening of the 
coil from the fast to the slow point produces a slower 
rate pendant up, until the extreme slow point is 
reached. After passing this extreme slow point the 
pendant up rate begins to grow faster until the ex- 
treme fast point is reached. 

*The designations "right" and "left" in regard to 
pinning points are used with the explicit under- 
standing that the individual is facing the train side 
of the movement. The same designations used as 
referring to position rates, or results to be expected 
in positions should be interpreted to mean with 
the individual facing the dial side of the watch. 

* (Important Note.) 

36. Same Principles Apply in Case of American 
Hunting Models. 

The points shown in Figures 14 and 15 refer 
generally to American hunting models. In all 
other high grade watches the location of the balance 
and spring will be found either to the right or left 
of the center of the watch. 

In American hunting models the balance and 
spring are located in the lower center of the watch. 

This is due to the fact that American manufac- 
turers do not construct separate models for hunting 
watches as is done by foreign manufacturers. 

Instead of producing an entirely separate model, 
the method simply calls for a change in the con- 
struction of the barrel bridge by reversing the posi- 
tion of the barrel and winding wheels. This places 
the winding sleeve at figure three on the dial, 
which is customary on hunting watches and causes 
the entire movement to be shifted by ninety degrees 
with the balance just about opposite the pendant. 



(50) 



CHAPTER IX 
MANIPULATION OF THE REGULATOR PINS 

37. Altering the Length of Spring by Regulator Pins. 

ON some occasions when the pinning points 
seem to be comparatively close and the watch 
is in good condition with the balance in 
poise, it is possible to obtain corrections by closing 
or opening the regulator pins. 

This, however, can only be resorted to, to a limited 
extent, as otherwise the value of the regulator may 
be impaired. 

The pins should not be closed tight enough to 
cause "kinking" of the over coil and they should 
not be spread apart any more than enough to make 
the mean rate about 2 seconds per hour slower. 

Some models of watches consistently require that 
the pins be closed, while other models require that 
they be slightly spread, and it is therefore advisable 
not to disturb the pins when cleaning watches un- 
less they have been bent by incompetent hands. 

It is better to reserve the majority of pin altera- 
tions for such time as the position rate determines 
the necessity of an alteration. When the pins are 
open, however, it is necessary to adjust the coil so 
that its vibration will be equal. 

Correct execution in spreading or closing the pins 
will very often make it possible to obtain a correc- 
tion of six or eight seconds between the vertical and 
horizontal positions. 

38. Method of Examining Vibration of Over Coil 
Between the Pins. 

The proper method of examining this vibration 
is to stop the balance and observe the movement of 
the coil between the pins. 

(51) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

The vibration should be equal at the slightest 
oscillation of the balance as well as during the 
longer arcs. The coil should not rest against one 
or the other of the pins at any time unless they are 
both closed. Emphasis is placed upon equal 
vibration of the coil when the pins are open because 
of its importance, and if results are not obtained (as 
expected) the examination should be repeated to see 
if correct conditions have been attained . Examina- 
tion of this vibration should be made from both 
sides of the pins and usually the best estimate can 
be obtained by looking between the pins from the 
stud side. 

39. Position Corrections Obtained by Spreading or 
Closing the Regulator Pins. 

When the regulator pins are tightly closed and 
the watch has a fast pendant up position rate, it 
will be possible to obtain a slower rate by slightly 
spreading the pins. 

When the pins are spread and vibration of the 
coil between them can be discerned, and the pendant 
up rate is slow, a faster rate can be obtained by 
closing them. 

In spreading the pins they should be drawn away 
from the coil equally, as otherwise the coil will strike 
one pin with more force than the other, which will 
not produce results as expected and will cause 
uncertain regulation. In closing the pins they 
should be drawn together one at a time until both 
are in equal contact. They should not be merely 
squeezed together, as this causes distortion of the 
coil at the point of contact. 



(52) 



CHAPTER X 
FACTORY AND REPAIR SHOP ADJUSTING 

40. Routine Varies According to Circumstances. 

THE principles covering the adjustment of 
watches are the same in the repair shop as 
they are in the factory and they are equally 
the same in the various lines of high grade watches 
regardless as to whether they are of American or 
foreign extraction. 

The routine covering the work to be done, how- 
ever, may vary, depending upon the quantity of 
watches that are turned out. In the factories 
where large numbers of watches are adjusted the 
adjuster is trained in the various branches of watch 
work and eventually devotes his entire time to 
adjusting. The watches are generally turned over 
to him after they are all assembled and ready for 
the final balance and spring work, or after they 
have been finished and rated, in which instance he 
receives only those that are not within the require- 
ments and he then makes the necessary alterations, 
after which they are again tested for results. 

In some repair shops where large numbers of fine 
watches are handled, a similar system is used and 
one competent adjuster devotes his time prin- 
cipally to the work of timing and adjusting. 

41. Considering the Watchmaker in the Small Shop 

of One or Two Workmen. 

By far the greater number of watchmakers are 
employed in stores having only one or two workmen 
who are required to do the cleaning and to make all 
repairs. For this reason an adjuster of equal skill 
could not do as much actual adjusting as could be 

(53) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

done in either of the two previous instances, but 
for the same reason he would not be expected to do 
as much. 

He can, however, adjust the high grade watches 
that he repairs just as closely, and he should not per- 
mit himself to feel that time and the nature of his 
position prohibits him from doing so. Whether it 
does, or does not prevent him from obtaining close 
rates depends entirely upon his training and under- 
standing of the necessary details. If he is skilful and 
accurate, his output of work in the long run will not 
be reduced, his work will give better satisfaction 
and he will have less "comebacks" to take up his 
valuable time. 

42. Advantage of Understanding Adjusting Even 

Though Watches are Not Tested in Positions or 
Isochronism. 

To understand position adjusting thoroughly is 
of the greatest advantage in obtaining satisfactory 
time from any medium or high grade watches even 
though they are not to be tested in positions be- 
cause vital points will receive intelligent observation 
where they would otherwise be overlooked. 

43. Concerning Watchmakers of Limited Experience. 

The previous notes and rules covering pinning 
points of the hairspring as detailed by the cuts and 
descriptions, together with the concrete adjusting 
examples to follow would no doubt be of sufficient 
note for watchmakers of considerable experience. 

There are, however, many ambitious workmen who 
have not devoted any time whatever to the study 
or practice of adjusting and to whom some ele- 
mentary study and practice may be quite indispen- 
sable. 

To be of service to this class of workmen chapters 
XI and XII are devoted to preliminary notes and 
practice lessons. 

(54) 



Factory and Repair Shop Adjusting 

The contents of these chapters can be worked out 
in practice by almost any workman who is capable 
of holding a position as watchmaker and it is sub- 
stantially necessary that they be mastered before 
finished results are to be expected. 



(55) 



CHAPTER XI 

PRELIMINARY NOTES AND PRACTICE 
FOR BEGINNERS 

44. Practical Suggestions. 

EXPERIENCE will eventually prove that most 
of the variations in positions are caused by 
apparently insignificant details. The mistake 
made by the average repairer is generally that of 
failing to detect these details and to make slight cor- 
rections where necessary, as he proceeds with the 
ordinary cleaning and repairing of the watch. 

This oversight often prevents what would other- 
wise be excellent results in timekeeping and makes 
it necessary to utilize extra time and labor in the 
effort to obtain more consistent timekeeping. 

45. The First Point of Consideration in Learning to 
Adjust. 

The first consideration in position adjusting 
should be directed toward equalizing the time in 
the two horizontal positions. This equalization 
should be accomplished entirely by attention to 
details that can be plainly seen before arriving at 
the point of actual timing of the watch. The prin- 
cipal requirement for equal time between dial up 
and dial down is equal arc of motion of the balance 
in each of the two positions, and the adjuster should 
become capable of obtaining this equal arc of mo- 
tion before attempting to obtain close rating in the 
other positions. 

46. Causes of Variation Between Dial Up and Dial 
Down. 

Variations between dial up and dial down may 
be due to one or more of the following causes which 

(56) 



Preliminary Notes and Practice for Beginners 

have been arranged in two groups, the first group 
consisting of the most frequent and common causes, 
while the second group consists of causes equally 
detrimental but less common. 

Group No. 1 

1. Dirt or thick oil in one or both balance jewels. 

2. Burred or marred balance pivots. 

3. End of one balance pivot flat or rough and 
opposite pivot polished. 

4. Ends of both balance pivots polished but not 
same form. 

5. Balance pivot bent. 

6. Hairspring rubbing balance arm or stud. 

7. Hairspring concave or convex in form in- 
stead of perfectly level. 

8. Over coil rubbing under balance cock. 

9. Over coil rubbing center wheel. (Some 
watches) . 

Group No. 2 

10. Balance pivots fitted too close in jewels. 

11. One pivot having excessive side shake and 
the opposite close fitting. 

12. Escape or pallet pivots bent or damaged. 

13. Balance end stone pitted or badly out of flat. 

14. Over coil rubbing outside coil, at point where 
it curves over spring. 

15. Balance arm or screw touching pallet bridge. 

16. Balance screw out too far, touching bridge or 
train wheel. 

17. Safety roller rubbing dial plate or jewel setting. 

18. Fork rubbing impulse roller. 

19. Guard pin rubbing edge of safety roller. 

20. Roller jewel long and rubs guard pin. 

47. Short Motion Generally Indicates Where to 
Find Trouble. 

Any of the above irregularities will cause a varia- 
tion in motion between dial up and dial down and 

(57) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

invariably the trouble will be found on the side 
which has the shorter motion. For instance, a pivot 
that is flat or rough on the end will cause a shorter 
motion, when it is down, than will the opposite 
pivot when it is down, provided that its end 
is slightly rounded and highly polished. The same 
is true when the oil is gummy or dirty in one jewel 
and the opposite jewel is clean and freshly oiled. 

Capped escape or pallet pivots when flat or 
rough on one end have the same effect to a lesser 
degree. 

It is never proper to make the end of a pivot flat 
or rough and thereby shorten and equalize the 
motion. Neither should the ends of both balance 
pivots be flattened at any time. On the contrary, 
the ends of pivots should always be slightly rounded 
and highly polished: there is no logical reason for 
having them otherwise. 

48. Short Motion Sometimes Caused by Burr on 

Opposite Pivot. 

There are occasionally instances where a poor 
motion on one pivot is caused by a slight burr on 
the opposite pivot. This is usually due to the fact 
that while the burred pivot is running on its own 
end stone, there is space enough between the end 
stone and jewel to give the burr clearance, but when 
the position of the watch is reversed, the balance 
end shake allowance causes the burr to rub on the 
top of jewel hole and prevents perfect freedom of 
motion when the good pivot is downward. 

49. Examining the Hairspring. 

The hairspring may be true and level but it 
should be carefully examined to see that there is no 
possibility of touching at any point. The observa- 
tion should take place during the full arc of motion 
of the balance, for there are some instances in which 
no rubbing takes place until the motion accelerates. 
The watch should be held at different angles and 

(58) 



Preliminary Notes and Practice for Beginners 

the space between the balance arm and spring, and 
the stud and spring, closely scrutinized for possible 
contact. The space between the spring and over 
coil at the point where the over coil rises and curves 
over the spring should be at least equal to the width 
of the coils and care should be taken to see that the 
over coil just before the point of rising has the usual 
space between it and the next coil. Either position 
in which the hairspring may rub will have a shorter 
motion and a gain in time compared to the opposite 
position in which there is no interference. 

50. Exceptions in Regard to Gaining Rate and Short 
Motion. 

Invariably the arc of motion which is the shortest 
will gain time compared to the opposite position 
which has a longer motion. There are, however, 
some few instances in which there are exceptions to 
this rule, and knowledge of these exceptions is 
quite valuable in preventing confusion and doubtful- 
ness in the certainty of making specific alterations. 
As an example in the horizontal positions; if both 
end stones are perfect and the freedom of one pivot 
in the jewel is correct while the opposite pivot has 
entirely too much freedom, the motion may be 
somewhat shorter with the proper fitting pivot 
downward while the rate may be slower compared to 
the opposite position. This is caused by the bal- 
ance describing a larger circle when the large hole 
jewel is upward, as the pivot is allowed to travel a 
greater distance from the center of the hole as it 
wavers from side to side during the oscillations. 

When the watch is reversed the weight of the 
balance prevents the pivot from wobbling in the 
large hole and eliminates the possibility of compen- 
sating for the larger circle described by the balance 
in the opposite position. 

The same results are possible when the freedom 
of both pivots is correct and when one end stone is 
pitted, as the pit in the stone causes a short motion 

C59) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

when downward and prevents the pivot from having 
any side play whatever, while the opposite pivot 
enjoys full play to whatever freedom there may be 
and through this causing a somewhat larger circle 
to be described by the balance and a slower rate in 
time. 

It should be understood that this does not refer 
to instances where the end stone surface is merely 
slightly worn, but to pittings in which the surface 
of the stone has been actually pierced. In most 
instances of slight wear the motion will be shorter 
and the rate fast which conforms to the general rule 
covering rate and motion. 

51. Detailed Practice. 

For preliminary practice in position adjusting, 
select a watch of about 17 jewels which has just been 
cleaned and put in order to the best of one's ability. 

Regulate it so that it will time within ten seconds 
in twenty-four hours. Then run it dial up for 
twenty-four hours and make a notation as to the 
number of seconds either fast or slow. Next run 
it dial down for twenty-four hours and make note 
of the number of seconds fast or slow in this 
position. If there is a variation in time between the 
two positions it will be found that the position 
having the faster rate of the two will also have a 
shorter arc of motion. 

*(Note Exceptions in No. 50). 

The exact arc of motion in each position can be 
known by observing the arms of the balance and 
comparing the extent of the arc with some point on 
the pallet bridge. 

A variation of one-eighth of an inch in motion 
will generally make a difference of four or five sec- 
onds in the rate and greater variations will make 
corresponding increases in the difference. 

When a watch is in good order a correct motion 
for the horizontal positions is generally considered 
to be that of one and one-half turn, which consists 

(60) 



Preliminary Notes and Practice for Beginners 

of three-quarters of a revolution of the balance in 
each direction. 

Should the motion be very much below this, in 
both positions, there may be something wrong with 
the general condition of the watch or possibly there 
may be a weak mainspring at fault, or an imitation 
spring that is too long and thick may take up too 
much room in the barrel and cause poor motion as 
surely as will one that is two weak. 

Assuming, however, that the motion is good in 
one position and drops off in the other, it is quite 
probable that only an ordinary position correction 
will be required and the immediate problem to be 
considered is that of causing the short arc of motion 
to accelerate enough to equal the longer arc. The 
precise correction required will most probably be 
found among the causes listed in No. 46, this 
Chapter. 

52. Which Rate to Use as the Unit for Comparison. 

The horizontal position which has the slower rate 
of the two should be considered as the unit which 
is correct and it will always have the longer motion 
of the two, barring the occasional exception as de- 
scribed in No. 50. 

This longer arc of motion is universally due to a 
better condition, while the shorter motion indicates 
that something is wrong, and it should always be 
the aim of the adjuster to improve some condition 
that is below standard, rather than to make some 
good condition a little worse in order to equalize 
the rates. 

It may be possible to equalize horizontal rates by 
flattening the ends of pivots, but it does not require 
much more time to improve the motion in one posi- 
tion than it does to make it a little worse in another. 
The advantage is all one way and results either 
good or bad depend entirely upon the viewpoint 
of the worker and how he applies himself to the 
situation. 

(61) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

53. Damaged Pivots, Pitted End Stones and Methods 
of Correction. 

In the examination of pivots, end stones and 
jewels, it is necessary to use a stronger glass than the 
one used for ordinary work. 

Damaged pivots can often be detected by looking 
through the end stone with a strong glass while the 
balance is moving. If imperfect they will appear 
dark or display a slight waver or flash and if they 
are in good condition they will appear bright and 
seem to stand still. They can also be examined in 
the lathe and a good true enclosed balance chuck is 
of immense value in detecting burrs, chipped edges, 
rings on the sides, slight bends and poorly shaped 
ends. The complete balance and spring can be in- 
serted and the pivots can be refinished without dis- 
turbing the roller or hairspring. The chuck should 
be revolving very slowly when making the examina- 
tion and moving the belt with the hand will enable 
one to see more than can be seen when the lathe is 
running at regular speed. Some watchmakers 
use small bow lathes for examining and finishing 
pivots, or the Jacot lathe, which is excellent for this 
kind of work. An end stone that has been deeply 
pitted should always be discarded and a new one 
supplied. If the hole is very slight, however, it can 
be removed entirely and the surface of the stone re- 
polished on a lap charged with No. 5 diamond 
powder, but the stone and setting should be 
thoroughly cleansed by brushing and pithing before 
replacement. 

Should a slight particle of diamond or any other 
hard stone powder possibly remain on the stone or 
in the bezel it might eventually enter the end of 
pivot and again cause pitting. In case that the end 
stone is of the type that is flat and highly polished 
on both sides, such as is usually found on detachable 
dome foreign watches, it can be punched out with a 
piece of brass wire or peg wood and replaced in 
reverse position, after which the bezel can be closed 

(62) 



Preliminary Notes and Practice for Beginners 



and the stone will be just as serviceable as a new- 
one. 

Pivots that have been running on pitted end 
stones are generally rough on the end which is 
charged with some hard substance. They require 
special treatment to remove the cause of the 
pitting and the following method of refinishing is 
very good. Place the balance in the lathe and 
draw a soft Arkansas oil stone over the end of pivot 
with pressure enough to remove a bit of the metal. 
This will drag out any hard particles that may be 
lodged in the end and after this has been done the 
pivot should be pithed clean and polished with a 
smooth hard steel burnisher covered with oil. 

A hard stone such as sapphire or jasper, or a steel 
burnisher should not be used on the pivot until the 
Arkansas stone has first done its work, because a 
hard instrument of this description will force the 
small particles that cause the pitting further into 
the end of the pivot instead of removing them 
entirely. 

A pivot that has been treated in this way will not 
pit the end stone a second time unless carelessness 
in the use of hard powder permits additional par- 
ticles to come in contact with the pivot or end stone. 

There are some instances in which the steel is 
highly carbonized but manufacturers generally use 
the best steel obtainable for balance staffs and exces- 
sive carbon can generally be detected with a mag- 
nifying glass. Free use of diamond powder and 
emery wheel dust are more often responsible. The 
holes of jewels should never be enlarged or polished 
with diamond powder after the jewels have once 
been placed in their permanent settings, as this 
allows the powder to lodge between the jewel and 
the setting where it cannot be removed by cleaning 
but where it will be drawn out by the oil and charge 
any pivot that may be run in the jewel. The grey 
powder is such instances may be seen through the 
top of jewel with a strong glass. 



(63) 



CHAPTER XII 

PRELIMINARY NOTES AND PRACTICE ON 
VERTICAL CORRECTIONS 

54. Five Principal Causes and Corrections for 
Pendant Up Variation. 

THE first of the vertical positions to be con- 
sidered is that of Pendant Up and to under- 
stand the causes of and corrections for varia- 
tions in this position completes what is known as 
three position adjusting. 

The usual causes of variation in the pendant up 
position as compared to the horizontal positions are 
as follows. 

Poor Motion Pendant Up. 

Regulator Pins not properly adjusted. 

Balance not in poise. 

Hairspring not in circle. 

Hairspring not pinned at proper point. 

55. Poor Motion, Cause and Effect. 

Among these causes that of Poor Motion covers a 
number of troubles such as roller jewel rubbing 
in fork, guard pin rubbing roller, strong lock on 
the escapement, or no lock on some teeth. 

Such causes may not prevent close rating between 
the horizontal positions because of non-interference 
until the position of the watch is changed. 

The pendant up motion should therefore be the 
first vertical point of investigation and if at fault 
the cause should be eliminated. In this connection 
it should not be expected that the arc of motion in 
the pendant up or any other vertical position will 
be as long as it will be in the horizontal positions, 

(64) 



Notes and Practice on Vertical Corrections 

for when a watch is in excellent condition in every 
particular the vertical arcs are always approximately 
one-fourth of a turn shorter than the horizontal. 

This is due to frictions and is impossible of correc- 
tion and therefore should not be confused with a 
poor motion of greater extent which has removable 
causes that are practical of execution. 

A good motion is to be considered as one of the 
results to be expected in overhauling and putting 
a watch in good order and it should not be under- 
stood that it is particularly to be associated with ad- 
justing only, nor should any watch be slighted in 
cleaning and assembling with the idea that adjust- 
ing will correct it in a few minutes' time. On the 
other hand it should be understood as fundamental 
that no watch can be a close time keeper unless it 
has a good motion and no good adjuster will attempt 
to obtain close time in one position or a close rate 
in different positions until the motion is first what 
it should be. If it is what it should be, about 
ninety per cent of the necessary work required for 
obtaining close position rates will have been com- 
pleted. 

56. Regulator Pin Practice for Pendant Up Variation. 

When the watch is in reasonably satisfactory 
condition and a three position test proves that the 
pendant up position has a variation of from ten to 
twenty seconds either fast or slow compared to the 
horizontal positions, the regulator pins may be the 
first point of examination. If there is considerable 
vibration of the coil between them, and the pendant 
rate is slow, it will be necessary to close the pins and 
if the rate is fast and the pins are found to be 
closed so that there is no vibration of the coil, it 
will be necessary to spread them slightly. Closing 
the pins will of course make the general timing of 
the watch faster and spreading them will make it 
slower and therefore it will be necessary to regulate 
the watch for one or two seconds per hour before 

(65) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

again testing it in positions. The result of either 
operation, however, will be to cause the rate in the 
pendant up position to conform more closely to 
the horizontal rates. 

Preliminary and profitable two position experi- 
ments can be made between dial up and pendant 
up, by having the pins closed on most any watch 
that is in good order and timing it within five or ten 
seconds in twenty-four hours, then rating it in these 
two positions. Next spread the pins slightly, re- 
time the watch and rate it in the same two positions 
and compare the variations. A few experiments of 
this description will soon demonstrate as to the ex- 
tent of correction that can be obtained in this way. 
The rule of equal vibration of the coil between 
the pins after they have been spread must be rigidly 
enforced. 

Note (See Chapter IX, on Regulator Pin Altera- 
tions.) 

57. Pendant Up Corrections Through Poise of 
Balance. 

Assuming that the motion and regulator pins 
seem to be satisfactory, the next point of investiga- 
tion should be the poise of balance. The hair- 
spring should be removed and the pivots known to 
be straight and polished before testing. The rollers 
are of course a part of the balance and are not to be 
removed . A perfectly poised balance can be stopped 
at any point on the tool and it should at least re- 
main stationary at each of the four quarters of its 
circumference. No. 28, Chapter VII, should be 
consulted for details on poise corrections. 

58. Concentricity of the Hairspring. 

The next point of consideration may be the con- 
centricity of the hairspring, and it is quite important 
that the spring be centered as nearly perfect as the 
trained eye can determine. Any unusual pressure 

(66) 



Notes and Practice on Vertical Corrections 

of the spring in one direction will cause undue fric- 
tion and a fast rate compared to the opposite direc- 
tion. 

There are several easy tests for determining as to 
how nearly the spring may be centered. One of 
these is to look straight down upon the spring and 
examine the space between the coils that extend 
beyond the circumference of the dome. This test 
may be made in three ways, one with the balance at 
rest, one with the coils of the spring wound up and 
the third with the coils unwound. With the bal- 
ance at rest and the spring centered there will be 
the same space between the coils all around as 
though the spring were out of the watch entirely 
and laying on the bench. 

If it is not properly centered there will be more 
space between the coils on one side than there will be 
on the opposite. The same conditions will be ap- 
parent when the spring is wound up, although the 
coils will all be nearer to each other than they 
were with the balance at rest, and when they are 
unwound the coils will all be farther apart with the 
same apparent difference on opposite sides when 
the centering is not correct. 

The winding and unwinding of the spring is 
alternating and almost instantaneous, as the balance 
oscillates from one extreme to the other. For 
observation of the spring when it is wound or un- 
wound it is necessary to stop the balance with the 
finger or camel's hair brush as it reaches its extreme 
arc of motion, then hold it stationary for a few 
seconds while the space between the coils is being 
examined. The balance should then be allowed to 
swing to the opposite extreme, when it should again 
be held for examination of the coils. In one of 
these extremes the coils will be wound and in the 
other they will be unwound and after a few experi- 
ments in stopping and starting the balance it will 
be found that the entire examination will not re- 
quire over ten seconds' time. 

When the spring is not properly centered the 

(67) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

reason is of course found in some curve of the over 
coil and the most usual point at fault is the section 
or curve on which the regulator pins act. If the 
coils open too wide on the side where the regulator 
pins are located this section of the coil will be too 
near the center and should be moved outward, 
possibly equal to one-half or one full space of the 
coils. If the coils are too close on the side where 
the pins are it will probably be found that the 
section requires shifting toward the center slightly. 
The balance should be removed from the watch in 
either instance and the coil circled with the over- 
coiling tweezer, although experienced workmen can 
frequently make excellent corrections with a fine 
pointed tweezer without removing the balance. 

Finely adjusted watches will always be found to 
have springs as nearly perfectly centered as it is 
possible for expert workmen to get them and it is 
quite interesting and instructive to observe the vi- 
bration of a perfect spring by any one interested in 
the work. 

Some watchmakers center the spring on the bal- 
ance cock before it is staked on the balance and 
very good results can be obtained in this way. The 
balance cock is placed on the bench in the inverted 
position which makes it easy to locate the point or 
curve requiring alteration. 

59. Correcting Pendant Up Variation Through 
Pinning Point Alterations. 

Should most careful investigation of the condi- 
tion of the watch indicate that the Motion, 
Regulator Pins, Poise of Balance and Centering of 
the Hairspring as well as the general condition of 
the watch are satisfactory and the rating show that 
there is still considerable variation between the 
horizontal positions and the pendant up position 
there is still one source through which positive 
correction may be obtained. 

This refers to the relative positions of the collet 

(68) 



Notes and Practice on Vertical Corrections 

and stud pinning points which is defined with ex- 
planatory cuts and formula in Chapter VIII. 

60. Percentage of Watches Requiring Correction of 
Position Rates. 

In constructing this chapter and the preceding 
one it has been preferred to go into detail for the 
purpose of defining the possible corrections and 
alterations, together with the results to be expected. 
Not every watch demanding position correction 
would require the extent of investigation and pos- 
sible alteration that is pointed out and in most 
instances the direct cause will be disclosed with 
very little investigation. In fact, the experienced 
adjuster can tell almost immediately where to look 
for trouble by merely observing the position rate as 
entered on the card. 

It should also be clearly understood by the student 
that when the repairing and cleaning of high grade 
watches is done by one who understands the details 
of adjusting, there will be only a very small propor- 
tion of the watches requiring position corrections. 
As a rule among experienced adjusters there will be 
about seventy per cent of the watches that will 
have very close rates. If, therefore, one hundred 
watches are put in order and tested in positions 
there should be seventy that do not require any 
correction, while about thirty will require either 
minor or major alteration. The time required for 
making alterations on this thirty per cent of the 
watches will be offset by a smaller percentage of 
unsatisfactory returns and a better reputation for 
doing good work. 



C69) 



CHAPTER XIII 

CONCRETE EXAMPLES SHOWING DE- 
FINITE THREE POSITION ALTERATIONS 
AND LABOR UTILIZED 

61. Order of Position Timing and Method of Calcu- 
lating the Variation, 

IN submitting the previous chapters it is assumed 
that the average ambitious watchmaker will 
gain enough knowledge from the various details 
to enable him to understand the meaning of the 
adjustment of watches, the causes of variations and 
the principal alterations for obtaining corrections. 

There are many features covered that will en- 
able him to develop in practice and to experiment 
in individual points of importance, without running 
up against mathematical deductions that halt and 
discourage further interest in the subject. 

To understand the principles constitutes a large 
percentage of the qualifications required and to be 
able to execute the practical alterations and cor- 
rections required in different kinds of variations 
completes the general qualifications. It would 
hardly be sufficient, however, to conclude the work 
at his point without giving more definite examples 
for comparison, together with some indication as to 
the approximate time tha t may ordinarily be utilized 
in doing the work and also showing some instances 
of a possible choice of several alterations and why a 
particular alteration is advisable. For this reason 
the following examples will be found to have an 
important part in fulfilling the mission of this book. 

In selecting these examples the fineness of re- 
sults has not been the principal consideration. The 
deciding factor was the differences in variation and 

(70) 



Definite Three Position Alterations 

alterations, and the fact that they cover the widest 
field for general instruction that could be selected 
from hundreds of equally good rates among various 
models of watches which, with three exceptions, were 
put in order for railroad service. 

The method of computing the variation from one 
position to any other is similar to that used in 
temperature adjusting as described in Chapter 3, 
No. 13. The watch should first be timed closely 
and then rated for twenty-four hours in each position. 
It should be wound before being started in each posi- 
tion but should be set only on the first day so that 
the time is never disturbed. 

The first position to be rated is universally Dial 
Up, then in succession Dial Down, Pendant Up, 
Pendant Right and Pendant Left. The daily 
total number of seconds fast or slow should be 
entered in the first column of the rate card after 
each twenty-four hours run. This column then 
constitutes the progressive rate from which the 
actual variation between the different positions is 
ascertained. 

The figure in the upper square is first carried out 
to the adjoining column at its full value and then 
the difference between this figure and that of the 
second square is entered in the second square of sec- 
ond column, and so on until the difference between 
each of the succeeding squares of first column is 
registered in the second column. 

If the figure in a square of first column is greater 
than that in the preceding square the carried out 
figure would be entered in second column as + 
If the figure is less than the preceding square it 
would be carried out as — . 

The total variation in positions is obtained from 
the figures entered in second column. If these 
figures are all entered as either plus or minus it is 
necessary to merely subtract the lesser figure from 
the greater. If, however, some figures are entered 
as plus and others as minus it will be necessary to 

(71) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

add the greater figure of each of the two denomina- 
tions. 

62. Example No. 1, Three Positions. 

Columbus, No. 358846, Open Face, 17 Jewels. 

Repairs Made. New balance staff, two balance 
screws changed, hairspring trued and cleaned. 

After timing the watch closely it was tested in 
three positions and found to have a variation of 
eleven seconds fast pendant up as per second 
column, Fig. 16. 



Fig. 16 



toAXSJUtiL. Make ^4k-vfe<2 


ou 


•i-f 


+ ! 


+r 


+r 






p 


00 





-f 


+7 


+3 






PU 


+ 10 


+ 1* 


t/? 


+7 







11 



Investigation showed the hairspring to be pinned 
nearly correct, true level and in circle ; balance true ; 
regulator pins closed and motion satisfactory. A 
correction could have been made in one of several 
ways; either by making a slight alteration of the 
pinning point at the collet; correcting a possible 
slight error in poise or by slightly spreading the 
regulator pins. 

As the extent of variation did not indicate any 
serious error at any particular point for a watch 
of this description the possible poise error and the' 
slight variation in the pinning point were waived 
and the regulator pins were spread just enough so 
that slight equal vibration of the coil could be seen 
with a double eyeglass. After this alteration the 
mean time was found to be one second per hour 

(72) 






Definite Three Position Alterations 

slow which was corrected on the mean time screws 
and the next test showed that the variation had 
been reduced to four second as per fourth column, 
Fig. 16. The time consumed in making the al- 
teration aside from the repairing was less than ten 
minutes. 

63. Example No. 2, Three Positions. 

Ball No. B060816, Open Face, 17 Jewels. 

Repairs made. Refinished balance pivots and 
cleaned. The first test in positions disclosed a 
variation of thirty-five seconds as per second 
column Fig. 17. 

Investigation found the balance true ; hairspring 
true, level and circle; regulator pins very nearly 
closed and the motion one and one-eighth turn. This 
rate like example No. 1, was also fast in the pendant 
up position, but the greater extent of the error in- 
dicated that there must be some serious poise error, 
and upon investigation this was found to be the case. 
A screw on the roller jewel side or at the bottom when 
the balance was at rest wa s found to be heavy. This 
was corrected and the next test showed a much 
improved rate although there was still a variation 
of eight seconds fast pendant up as per fourth 
column Fig. 17. 



Fig. 17 



HqMAjoSJ£.~M9V9.../2&M..-~. 


DU 


+ % 


-ft 


+ 7 


+7 


+7 


+7 


p 


DD 


+ % 





•H} 


+7 


-Hf 


+7 


PU 


**7 


•fOJ 


+%9 


Hsr 


+2f 


+10 



3S 



$ 



A better rate than this was desired and further 
examination proved that the locking of the pallet 



(73) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

stones and escape teeth was quite strong and caused 
the pendant up motion to have a shorter arc than 
would have been entirely desirable. An alteration 
was made by pushing the receiving stone further 
back into the slot and rebanking the escapement. 
The third position test showed an improved motion 
and a variation of three seconds as per sixth col- 
umn. The total time required for making the al- 
terations was about three quarters of an hour. 

64. Example No. 3, Three Positions. 

Elgin No. 7457488. Open Face, 21 Jewels. 

Repairs made. Cleaned; polished pivots and 
new mainspring fitted. The first position test 
showed a variation of nineteen seconds as per 
second column, Fig. 18. 

It w T ill be noted that this example differs from 
Nos. 1 and 2, in that the rate is slow in the pendant 
up position. Examination showed all points satis- 
factory except that the regulator pins were spread 
considerably and allowed too much freedom of 
vibration for the coil. 

Had this vibration been slight it would have been 
advisable to examine the poise. As it was con- 
siderable, however, the alteration made was to close 
the pins so that only slight vibration was visible 
with a strong glass. 



Fig. 18 






00 



PU 



-/? 



-f* 



~3&ih1 



±* 



+3 



+t 



? 



This watch was not equipped with mean time 
screws and it was therefore necessary to fit a pair 

(74) 



Definite Three -Position Alterations 

of thin timing washers because closing the pins 
caused a gaining rate of two seconds per hour in 
the mean time. The next position test showed a 
variation of four seconds as per fourth column Fig. 18. 
The time consumed in making the alteration and 
fitting the washers was about ten minutes. 

65. Example No. 4, Three Positions. 

Hampden No. 1438676, Open Face, 21 Jewels. 

Repairs made. New balance staff and hole 
jewel fitted and cleaned. 

The first position test showed a variation of 
twelve seconds slow pendant up as per second 
column Fig. 19. 



Fig. 19 



Ht.Ut&lJ&.'fjL.VItfki flA*t*/u&Ui 


u 


+ 2 


fa 


+ 2 


+ A 






P 


00 


f.f 


ta. 


+fe 


tt- 






PU 


-6 


-io 


«? 


+3 







IX 



Investigation found all points such as balance 
true, hairspring true, level and circle and the 
regulator pins reasonably satisfactory. The mo- 
tion, however, was not as good as it should have 
been when the spring was nearly wound up. It 
was let down to where it would ordinarily be after 
about twenty-hours run and found to have barely 
one turn pendant up and a trifle over one turn in 
the flat positions. This proved that the motion 
was not satisfactory for a watch that had just been 
put in order and all pivots were examined for close 
end or side shake; they were found to be satis- 
factory and the mainspring was removed for exami- 
nation and found to be somewhat set and about 
0.01 mm. thinner than those generally used for 

(75) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

this grade watch. A new mainspring was fitted 
and the motion was improved by about one-fourth 
of a turn and the next position test showed a varia- 
tion of two seconds as per fourth column Fig. 19. 
The time consumed in examination and changing 
the mainspring was about twenty-five minutes. 

The three position limit of variation allowed by 
most manufacturers and railroad inspectors is 
seven seconds from one position to any other. 
Records of thousands of watches on which the 
work has been carefully done in putting the watches 
in order, show that about seventy per cent of the 
watches will rate within five seconds in the three 
positions without making alterations and that only 
ten per cent will be close to the limit of seven sec- 
onds, while about twenty per cent will require altera- 
tions such as shown in the four examples above. 
(See Chapter XII, No. 60.) 

One or two more examples might be introduced 
to show variations and corrections between dial 
up and dial down; this feature has been pretty 
well covered however in Chapter XI, and five posi- 
tion example No. 9 also shows a variation of the 
horizontal rates with correction. 



(76) 



CHAPTER XIV 

CONCRETE EXAMPLES SHOWING DEF- 
INITE FIVE POSITION ALTERATIONS 
AND LABOR UTILIZED 



66. What Five Position Adjusting Consists of — 
Detailed Allowances. 

FIVE position adjusting consists of a further 
refinement of the condition of the watch. The 
fact that a very close rate is shown in the first 
three positions is not an indication that the watch 
will be an excellent timepiece under all conditions. 

In fact there are instances where there may be 
an excellent three position rate and a further test 
in the pendant right and left positions may disclose 
some error that would positively prevent close 
timing in service. Even under the five position 
test the limit of allowance must be reasonably close 
or unfavorable conditions may exist and cause 
irregularity in timing. 

A popular allowance for very fine watches among 
Swiss and some American manufacturers is six 
seconds variation for the five positions as an extreme 
limit, and for medium high grades ten seconds ex- 
treme variation is considered a fair allowance. 
These allowances are graduated, however, and a six 
seconds extreme allowance watch would have an 
allowance not exceeding three seconds in the hori- 
zontal positions, with two seconds additional in the 
pendant up position and one second additional in 
either the pendant right or pendant left positions. 

Watches having an extreme allowance of ten 
seconds may be permitted to have not more than 
five seconds variation between the two horizontal 
positions, with two seconds additional for the pen- 

(77) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

dant up position and still three seconds additional in 
either the pendant right or left positions. 

It will be noted that there is considerable differ- 
ence between six or ten second allowances of this 
description and straight limits of six or ten seconds. 

Some manufacturers have greater limits of allow- 
ance, sometimes as great as twenty-five seconds for 
the five positions, but as a rule the first three posi- 
tions are required to rate within seven seconds and 
the difference of eighteen seconds is divided between 
the right and left positions. 

Under limits of this description a watch that 
would not be tolerated under the six or ten seconds 
class would be considered as good. Watches 
having such large allowances, however, and rating 
close to the limit are hardly justified in being con- 
sidered as adjusted to five positions. The fact 
that they are so considered however, is the reason 
why watchmakers will sometimes fine wide variation 
in new watches before they have been damaged or 
mishandled. The following five position examples 
were selected with the same care as were the three 
position specimens and will be found to cover a 
wide field of variation for comparison with rates 
that the adjuster may desire to correct. 

67. Example No. 5. 

Hamilton, No. 248027; Open Face, 21 Jewels. 

Repairs made. New balance staff and cleaned. 
The first test in five positions showed a variation 
of twenty seconds as per second column Fig. 20. 
It will be noted that in four of the positions the 
rate was quite close and that the pendant right 
position had an extremely fast rate. 

A casual investigation indicated that all points 
relating to the spring, regulator pins and balance 
were reasonably satisfactory but that there was a 
slight falling off in motion in the pendant right posi- 
tion. Further investigation of this feature disclosed 

(78) 



Definite Five Position Alterations 



a slight striking sound when the watch was held to 
the ear in this position. The dial was rerroved and 
the bankings were closed to drop whereupon it was 
discovered that the fork was long on the inside, or 
when the receiving stone was locked on the escape 
teeth. This prevented the roller jewel from passing 
through the fork freely as it did on the opposite 
side. 

The balance pivots had the limit of allowance 
for side shake which aided the cause of the roller 
jewel in striking. 



Fig. 20 



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After correcting the roller jewel shake and re- 
adjusting the slide and guard pin freedom the next 
test showed a variation of eight seconds in the five 
positions as per fourth column Fig. 20. The side 
shake of the balance pivots was not detrimental 
after the real cause of the variation had been re- 
moved and therefore no correction was required 
in this respect. 

If the error in the escapement had not existed 
and if the watch had shown the same rate with all 
points appearing to be satisfactory, the trouble 
would most likely have been found in the poise of 
balance with the upper side heavy in the pendant 
right position. 

The time consumed in making the correction was 
about one half hour. 



(79) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

68. Example No. 6. 

Elgin. B. W. Raymond. No. 4, 109,543, Open 
Face, 15 Jewels. 

Repairs made. New fourth pinion; new end 
stone; mainspring; refinished balance pivots and 
cleaned. Note that this was only a 15- Jewel watch. 

It belonged to a railroad engineer, however, who 
wanted it placed in first class condition, as it had 
not been satisfactory. The first five position test 
showed an error of twenty-four seconds as per second 
column Fig. 21. 

Examination of the motion, pivots, regulator 
pins, escapement and poise proved them to be satis- 
factory. 

The hairspring however, was found to be pinned 
at the slow pendant up point as per illustration in 
Fig. 22. 



Fig. 21 



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The alteration made was to break out one-half 
of the inner coil at collet so that it was pinned at 
the fast point as illustrated in Fig. 23. 

A pair of balance screws were removed and a 
heavier pair fitted to correct the mean time, which 
would have been about ten minutes fast in twenty- 
four hours because of^shortening the spring. 



(80) 



Definite Five Position Alterations 



The balance was repoised and the next test in 
positions showed a variation of seven seconds as 
per fourth column Fig. 21. 

The time required for making the alteration was 
about one half hour. 




Fig. 22 




, Fig. 23 

This watch was a full plate model with the train 
developing to the left from the center and illustra- 

(81) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

tions No. 22 and 23 are given to show that, while 
the train follows the Swiss development, the spring 
follows the American method and develops to the 
right from the collet even though it is located to the 
left of the watch center. The principle remains 
the same as that illustrated by Figs. 9 and 11 and 
explained in Chapter VIII. 

69. Example No. 7. 

Waltham. No. 10504112. Open Face, Van- 
guard model, 23 Jewels. 

Repairs made. Cleaned and new hole jewel. 

First five position test showed a very erratic rate 
as per second column Fig. 24. 

Investigation proved that the motion dropped off 
considerably after a few hours run and that the 
mainspring was too weak for this grade of watch. 
A proper mainspring was fitted which in turn cor- 
rected the motion, but the next test in positions 
proved that there was still a variation of eighteen 
seconds as per fourth column Fig. 24. 



Fig. 24 



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The balance and spring were removed and con- 
siderable poise trouble was discovered. The trouble 
was at different points of the balance and no one lo- 
cation seemed to be heavy at all times. The bal- 
ance pivots were carefully gauged with a metric 



(82) 



Definite Five Position Alterations 



micrometer and found to be out of round, or to be 
exact, more oval in form than cylindrical. A new 
staff with round pivots was fitted, after which the 
balance was easily poised and the next test showed a 
variation of five seconds as per sixth column Fig. 24. 
The total time required for making the examination 
and alterations was about one hour. 



70. Example No. 8. 



No. 272,854, Open 



Vacheron and Constantin. 
Face, 21 Jewels. 

Repairs made. New balance staff, hole jewel, 
cap jewel, glass, and cleaned. 

The first test after making the repairs showed a 
variation of twelve seconds as per second column 
Fig. 25. 

It will be observed that the rates in the horizontal 
positions are on the fast side and those in the vertical 
positions are on the slow side. In this instance the 
hairspring developed to the left from the collet 
similar to the illustration shown in Fig. 10, page 45. 

Investigation found the escapement, regulator 
pins and pinning point satisfactory ; the motion was 
one and one- fourth turn in the vertical positions 
when fully wound and only atrifle less when partially 
let down. In the flat positions, however, the motion 
was very little better than in the vertical, which 



Fig. 25 



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(83-) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

indicated either pivot or end stone trouble as under 
normal conditions the flat motion would be about 
one-fourth turn greater than that of the vertical. 

Inspection of the end stones proved, that they 
were satisfactory but the ends of the balance pivots 
were found to be somewhat flat and not perfectly 
polished. 

The ends of the pivots were slightly rounded and 
highly polished, the jewels and end stones cleaned 
and reoiled and the balance replaced, after which 
the motion in the flat positions was one and one-half 
turn with the mainspring fully wound and only 
slightly less when partially let down. 

The motion in the vertical positions was also 
slightly improved and the next test in position 
showed a variation of three seconds as per fourth 
column Fig. 25. 

Time required for making the above alteration 
was about one-half hour. 

In the study of this example it should be clearly 
understood that when the ends of balance pivots 
are flat, burred or not well polished, or when the 
end stones are dry or dirty the motion in the hori- 
zontal positions will be shorter than normal and 
this will always cause the rate to be faster than it 
should be. Acceleration of the motion in such in- 
stances by means of refinishing the pivot ends or by 
cleaning and reoiling the jewels and end stones will 
always produce a slower rate through causing a 
longer arc of motion. 

This point is covered in Chapter XI, No. 47. 

71. Example No. 9. 

E. Howard. No. 1,116,735. Open Face, 23 
Jewels. 

Repairs made. New balance staff; hole jewel; 
mainspring and cleaned. 

The first test in positions showed a variation of 
eleven seconds. The rate in all positions was fast 

(84) 



Definite Five Position Alterations 

with the exception of the dial down rate, which was 
slow. See Fig. 26. 

At first glance it might appear that by causing a 
faster rate of six or seven seconds in the dial down 
position the watch would have a very good rate. 
This, however, would not be consistent unless the 
rate was due to the exception referred to in Chapter 
XI, No. 50. 

Examination of the motion in the horizontal 
positions proved that it was about one fourth turn 
better in the dial down position than it was in the 
dial up position which rate compared very closely 
with the vertical positions. It was therefore evi- 
dent that the dial up rate was not true and investi- 
gation found the oil in the upper jewel had become 
thickened by the entrance of dirt which caused 
the short motion and fast rate when the balance was 
running on this end stone. 



Fig. 26 



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After thoroughly cleaning the jewel, end stone 
and pivot, the motion in the dial up position was im- 
proved and equaled that of the dial down position. 

The next position test showed the horizontal 
rates to be equal but the variation of eleven seconds 
in the five positions still existed as per fourth column 
Fig. 26. The vertical rates were all fast compared 
to the horizontal ; the regulator pins were found to 
be slightly open which prevented a correction at 
this point. The locking of the escapement was ex- 

(85) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

amined and found to be satisfactory, so the balance 
was again removed and tested for poise which was 
also found satisfactory. 

The hairspring was pinned at the usual fast 
point as per illustration in Fig. 9, Chapter VIII. 
The most positive alteration to be made under the 
circumstances was to break off the spring at the 
collet and repin it at about 45° above the horizontal 
line. This would be slightly approaching the slow 
point as explained in detail in Chapter VIII, No. 35. 

The mean rate of the watch would necessarily be 
faster after shortening the spring; the mean time 
screws were found to be turned in close to the rim 
and were each turned out about one full turn to 
compensate for the gain. The poise was tested and 
found to remain correct and the next position test 
showed a variation of four seconds as per sixth 
column Fig. 26. 

The total time required for the alterations was 
about one hour. 

72. Example No. 10. 

Illinois. No. 1,483,023, Open Face, 21 Jewels. 

Repairs made. Trued and poised balance, new 
balance jewel and cleaned. 

This example has been selected for the purpose of 
illustrating a test in the sixth or pendant down posi- 
tion and to give a practical demonstration showing 
that the rates in the pendant down and pendant 
up positions can be reversed, with positive results, 
through reversing the collet pinning point of the 
spring, as covered in "Relative Pinning Points" 
Chapter VIII. 

This alteration can be undertaken with assurance 
of results even though there may be serious errors 
of construction in the watch. 

The first five position test proved that the rate 
pendant up was extremely fast compared to all 
other rates as per second column Fig. 27. 

(86) 



Definite Five Position Alterations 

Investigation proved that the hairspring was 
properly centered and pinned at the fast pendant 
point and that the regulator pins were slightly- 
spread with equal vibration of the coil between 
them. The motion was about one and one-fourth 
turn pendant up and over one and one-half turn in 
the horizontal positions when the mainspring was 
nearly full wound. The ends of balance pivots 
were found to be perfectly fiat, which was no doubt 
due to an effort to produce a faster rate in the flat 
positions to cause them to compare more favorably 
with the pendant up rate. This, however, was un- 
successful as indicated by the rate. 

It is quite possible that if the watch ever was 
closely rated it was due to counterpoise of the bal- 
ance as with the present rate the poise, escapement 
and regulator pins were satisfactory and did not 
admit of further corrections that would be of ad- 
vantage. 

By examining the P. U. rate in second column 
Fig. 27, it will be found to be twelve seconds fast 
and then by referring to the separate P. D. (Pendant 
Down) rate at the bottom, it will be found to be four 
seconds slow. Adding these figures gives a total vari- 
ation of sixteen seconds between these two positions. 



Fig. 27 



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Now if these rates were reversed and the P. D. 
rate was in the place of the P. U. rate the watch 

(87) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

would have shown a very good position rate in the 
first five positions and the greater part of the sixteen 
seconds variation would have been in the pendant 
down position where it would be of the least dis- 
advantage. In order to obtain this condition the 
collet pinning point was changed from the fast to 
the slow point, or from "E", Fig. 9, to "G", Fig. 11, 
Chapter VIII. 

A pair of heavier screws were fitted to the balance 
to compensate for the difference in time caused by 
shortening the spring and the next five position test 
showed a variation of six seconds. A separate pen- 
dant down test proved that the pendant up and 
pendant down rates had been practically reversed 
as shown in the fourth column. 

73. Causes of Extremely Fast Vertical Rates. 

Extremely fast pendant up rates are not particu- 
larly unusual, although the causes and corrections 
may be widely different. 

For instance, the poise and motion feature, No. 
28, Chapter VII, may be responsible, or the balance 
may be in poise and the collet having a wide slot 
may cause out of poise and be responsible if the 
slot is located at the proper point. A defective 
escapement or regulator pins tightly closed may 
also be responsible. Should these points be found 
satisfactory, however, the rate is generally due to 
one of three causes. 

1. Excessive side friction of pivots because of 
being too large in diameter. 

2. Train wheels and pinions being of incorrect 
proportion and causing irregular motion and affect- 
ing the vertical positions mostly. 

3. Centrifugal force, which would cause the 
balance rims to spring outward in the longer arcs 
of vibration and thereby produce an abnormal 
slow rate in the horizontal positions where the arc 

(88) 



Definite Five Position Alterations 

of motion is always longest. This is due to the 
balance rims being too heavy in proportion to the 
arms or center bar. 

When either of these three conditions are found 
there will be others among the same lot of watches, 
but as a rule they are only found on older watches 
made before correct proportions were firmly es- 
tablished. 

Train depthings can often be improved if the 
workman is equipped with a rounding up machine 
and knows how to use it. Otherwise the watch 
can be sent to the factory for correction and the 
only alternative of the repairer is to cut the spring 
to the slow point, or counterpoise, with the inten- 
tion of eliminating expense and getting as good re- 
sults as can be expected for the financial returns 
that are to be received. 

74. How to Locate Defective Gearings. 

Defective gear or depthing of wheels can be de- 
tected in two ways, one by observing the engaging 
surfaces of the wheel teeth and another by testing 
the engagement of wheel and pinion. 

If the gearing is correct, observation will show that 
the engaging surfaces of the wheel teeth are smooth 
and either dark or possibly polished from wearing 
away of the plating. If the gearings are not correct 
the engaging surfaces will have cuts or ridges 
crosswise which have been produced by the pinion 
leaves. 

The cause of this cutting is due to either a faulty 
construction of the teeth or to the fact that the 
pitch circle of the wheel is too small while that of 
the pinion is too large. 

Testing the gearing in the watch is accomplished 
by placing the engaging wheel and pinion in the 
watch so that they are free to turn without engaging 
with any other wheel. A piece of ivory or celluloid 
several inches long and about the diameter of a 

(89) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

piece of peg wood should be pointed at one end 
and this end should be held between the upper 
pivot and oil cup of the jewel, with enough pressure 
of the left hand to cause friction in turning the 
pinion. The larger wheel should then be turned in 
the direction in which it revolves when running; 
this is accomplished with a piece of peg wood held 
in the right hand. 

If the gearing is perfect there will be smoothness 
as the wheel and pinion turn and if it is imperfect 
there will be a butting effect in the action. Should 
there be a slight intermittent stepping action due to 
drop of the wheel teeth on the pinion leaves it 
should not be mistaken for butting as this is not 
detrimental and will not cause cutting of the teeth. 

Watches that have below standard train gearings 
require considerably stronger mainsprings than 
do those which have correct gearing and they will 
seldom take a reasonably good motion without a 
strong spring. 

A safe way to judge gearings if in doubt is by 
the motion and the engaging surfaces of the wheel 
teeth. If the motion is steady and the teeth are 
not cut by the pinion leaves they may be considered 
as satisfactory. If the motion is steady for a time 
and then suddenly drops off there is generally some- 
thing wrong in the gearing. The wheel and pinion 
in error can be determined by noting at what par- 
ticular intervals the motion decreases. In nearly 
all instances this condition will cause a gaining rate 
in the vertical positions because of the fact that the 
vertical arcs are shorter and comparatively more 
easily affected than the horizontal arcs. 



(90) 



CHAPTER XV 

TIMING AND FINAL REGULATION 

75. Mean Time Screws and Timing Washers. 

IN the general overhauling of watches, chang- 
ing staffs, retruing and repoising of balances it 
is often necessary to make corrections of several 
minutes per day in the mean time. 

For this reason and for the convenience of the 
future some manufacturers have provided from two 
to four mean time screws in the balances. A com- 
plete revolution of these screws either in or out, 
generally corrects any variation that may be re- 
quired and frequently considerably less is all that 
is required in bringing the watch to time. 

It is of course necessary that these screws be 
turned in opposite pairs as well as equal distances 
and that they be fitted with enough friction to 
prevent looseness and not too tight to cause bending 
of the pivots when they are turned. 

If properly used for the purpose for which they 
were intended they are of 'nestimable value to the 
repairing fraternity in producing results. 

The manufacturers of some watches do not supply 
mean time screws with the balances and the re- 
pairer is obliged to depend entirely upon timing 
washers for fast corrections, for it is, of course, not to 
be expected that repair shops will carry an assort- 
ment of all different kinds of screws such as the 
factories are able to maintain. 

Occasionally a jeweler or watchmaker will be 
found who has strenuous objections to the use of 
timing washers in any sense, but unless they are 
supplied with a large assortment of the various 
makes and weights of screws and are willing to use 

C91) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

the extra time required for properly changing the 
screws it is difficult to see just what legitimate 
alternative they can adopt. Investigation of this 
point disclosed the fact that the method employed 
by some watchmakers was to spread the regulator 
pins, which would of course make the mean time 
slower but would certainly destroy the adjustment 
to positions and make it practically impossible to 
obtain results from the regulator. 

It is admittedly poor workmanship to use ill- 
fitting washers and poor taste to use brass washers 
on high grade gold screw balances, but the fact 
should not be overlooked that the manufacturers of 
many fine watches use washers to a limited extent, 
even when an abundance of balance screws are avail- 
able and very fine Swiss models are often supplied 
with a pair of thin platinum washers which are not 
easily detected. The regulator should not be moved 
from the center of the index in correcting the mean 
time but should be used for minor final regulation 
only. The length of the hairspring should also 
not be disturbed in correcting the mean time of an 
adjusted watch and while a slow rate can be cor- 
rected by reducing the weight of a pair of balance 
screws it is necessary to use either heavier screws 
or washers for correcting a fast rate. 

76. Importance of Properly Fitted Regulator. 

Final regulation of watches is necessary after 
making repairs regardless as to whether they have 
been adjusted to positions or not. Position rating 
does not necessarily suggest that the timing has been 
completed as the object is only to limit the varia- 
tions from one position to any other and a test of 
three or four days should always be made in one 
position after the position rating has been completed. 
This additional timing has for its purpose the close 
regulation of the watch either in the pendant up 
position or in the position it is carried. The last 
column on the rate card is reserved for this purpose. 
(92) 



Timing and Final Regulation 

In this respect the repairer who comes in contact 
with the customer may gain considerable advan- 
tage by noting in which pocket the watch is usually 
carried and then being guided in the final regulation 
by this knowledge. The method of doing this 
regulating consists generally of moving the regulator 
which requires certain attention to be effective 
when it is moved. 

The regulator should be carefully fitted around 
the dome and all attachments in connection should 
be tightly fitted to the plate or bridge so that they 
will remain rigid when regulation takes place. 

The tension around the dome should be even and 
if a tension spring is used in connection it should 
be strong enough to keep the regulator against the 
screw constantly without sticking at any point as 
the screw is moved forward and backward. 

It should also be closely examined to see that 
there is no shake. This can be determined by 
lightly taking hold of the segment holding the 
regulator pins and moving it up and down and side 
ways before the tension spring is fitted. This should 
be examined with a glass and a correction made if 
any looseness is noted. 

77. Effect of the Middle Temperature Error. 

In the final regulation of watches it is important 
that the middle temperature error receive due con- 
sideration. This error is always a few seconds fast 
as explained in temperature adjusting Chapter V, 
No. 21, and is of some consequence in the larger 
number of complaints regarding losing rates in the 
pocket, compared to complaints of gaining rates. 

The position rating as well as the final regulation 
is generally done in normal temperature which 
produces a rate from two to four seconds faster than 
the heat extreme and it is to be expected that the 
pocket rate will be slower because the temperature 
will be higher than normal. This loss may not be 

(93) 



The Adjustment to Isochronism and Positions 

the full amount of the middle error as it would de- 
pend upon the actual temperature encountered for 
the entire twenty-four hours and the watch may 
only be subjected to the pocket temperature for a 
part of this period. This works in exactly the same 
way in a lower temperature, as the variation is a 
loss in either direction from the middle or normal 
temperature and in case that the watch should be 
subjected to a freezing temperature at night the 
result will be a loss during that period. 

As an example we will assume the regulation of a 
watch in which the temperature rate at the extremes 
of 40° and 90° Fahr. is perfect, while at the tem- 
perature of 70° it will time four seconds fast. 

Now if this watch is regulated to no variation in 
the normal temperature it will be plainly seen that 
there will be a loss of four seconds per day if the 
watch is placed in service at either of the temperature 
extremes. If it had been regulated to run four 
seconds fast in the middle or normal temperature 
it would time more nearly correct in the pocket. 

It is safe to assume that the watch will lose its 
proportional rate with a lesser change in tempera- 
ture and for this reason it is of advantage to finally 
regulate all watches from two to four seconds fast 
in the rack rather than to time them just correct. 

78. Some Practical Reasons for Slow Rates. 

There are additional reasons for the suggestion of 
timing watches a few seconds fast rather than just 
correct. Among them may be mentioned the fact 
that many watches are carried in the left vest pocket, 
and that in this instance they very often assume 
the pendant right position which is generally a 
trifle slow compared to pendant up in most watches 
of close adjustment. Magnetism to any extent what- 
ever always causes a slow rate and this will have its 
effect whenever the balance, hairspring, regulator, 
regulator spring or pallet are slightly effected or 

C94J 



Timing and Final Regulation 

when the mainspring, large winding wheels or case 
springs are considerably charged and experiments 
have shown that in no instance has a fast rate been 
produced from this cause. 

The gradual weakening or loss of elastic force 
of the hairspring is also a factor to be considered. 

There are some influences which cause a gaining 
rate that to some extent may offset these losses, al- 
though in the absence of necessity for cleaning or 
other repairs these influences are slight in compar- 
ison to the natural and possible causes for a slow rate. 



(95) 



PART III 
SPECIAL NOTES 



(97) 



CHAPTER XVI 
SPECIAL NOTES 

79. Efficiency of Execution Analyzed (Two Examples) . 

IN performance of the various alterations and 
corrections that have been touched upon in 
the chapters devoted to position adjusting there 
are some points that deserve special note. This 
refers to positive execution of the correction which 
the watchmaker sets out to make. 

As an example we may analyze the simple feature 
of polishing a pivot and cleaning and reoiling a jewel 
to improve the motion in one of the horizontal 
positions. Ordinarily this would seem to be a very 
simple proceeding requiring no additional remarks. 

It is, however, quite possible to go through all of 
the operations of removing, cleaning and reoiling 
the jewel and polishing the pivot and then find that 
no improvement has been made in the motion. 

Invariably the workman of moderate experience 
will say that he has just cleaned and reoiled the 
jewel and polished the pivot and that it must be 
all right. 

Investigation, however, will sometimes show that 
the pivot has again been marred or that a particle 
of dirt has found its way into the jewel hole during 
replacement either through dust in the oil or through 
clinging to the end of the pivot when the balance was 
laying on the bench. 

This experience is one that comes occasionally to 
the best and most careful adjusters and if it is 
found that results have not been obtained the first 
time it will be necessary to go over the operations a 
second time. 

(99) 



Special Notes 



It is possible to almost entirely eliminate this 
duplication of work if proper care is exercised in 
examining the pivot and jewel with a good glass 
before replacing and in using oil from a closed re- 
ceptacle in which it has not been possible for dust 
to collect. 

The point raised in this instance is that the im- 
provement desired is not assured because of merely 
going through the operations of doing the work. 

It is necessary to actually remove the cause and 
then keep it removed. The proof is found in the 
improved motion and it would hardly be worth 
while to retest in positions until this improvement 
was obtained. 

Proper curvature of the over coil within the range 
of the regulator pins is another feature that may be 
corrected and the correction unconsciously de- 
stroyed in replacing the balance or in centering the 
spring. 

A slight kink in the coil close to the regulator pins 
may cause the spring to be forced out of center 
when the regulator is moved, or it may cause the 
coil to lay against one pin and cease vibrating be- 
tween the pins. This would cause a gain of some 
seconds per day when the regulator had actually 
been moved to cause a slower rate. 

These two examples are introduced to convey 
the idea that it is necessary to actually produce the 
corrections or alterations in any instance and that 
close timing and close position rates depend more 
upon this practical execution and understanding as 
displayed by the watch repairer than they do upon 
a high degree of technical knowledge. 

Personal instruction of watchmakers in adjusting 
has demonstrated in most instances that the re- 
finements are not considered seriously enough at 
first, but that consistent practice and reference to 
the rules soon make the proper impression, after 
which results are attained in less time than was at 
first required for faulty execution. 



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Special Notes 



80. Truing the Balance. 

The balance should invariably be true in the 
round and flat and always in poise before it is placed 
in the watch. 

It is at times pardonable to pass a balance that is 
not perfectly true in the round, especially when the 
watch has been repaired on several occasions and it 
is noted that the rims have a tendency to become 
set slightly inward or outward after having been 
perfectly trued. This shows a natural tendency 
of the metals to find a permanent position which 
may be slightly away from the true concentric 
form. A balance of this description may be poised 
as it is and often will produce better timing re- 
sults than would be gained by perfect truing and 
subsequent regulation during readjustment of the 
metals. 

It is advisable to always have the flat true as by 
doing so any slightly bent pivots will be detected 
through wavering of the balance and the flat is not 
very frequently affected by setting of the metals. 

Balances should generally be trued and poised in 
normal or slightly above normal temperature. If 
they are trued in a low temperature they will be 
out of true and possibly out of poise in the tem- 
perature to which they are mostly subjected. 
Compensation balances are not presumed to be 
true in the round under variations of temperature 
and therefore inspection for true is necessary in 
somewhere near the same temperature in which 
they are trued. 

81. Poising the Balance. 

In poising balances it is necessary to consider 
the mean rate of the watch and several details in 
connection therewith. 

If the rate is known to be fast, weight should be 
added to the light side, and if it is known to be slow 
weight may be removed from the heavy side. . 

(101) 



Special Notes 



If the rims of the balance have been trued out- 
ward it is a safe rule to remove weight from the 
heavy side in poising and if they have been bent 
inward to get the balance true, weight should be 
added to the light side in poising. 

A balance that is in perfect poise can be brought 
to a perfect stop on a fine jeweled poising tool at 
any point of its circumference. For ordinary work 
it is generally considered as satisfactory if it can be 
brought to a perfect stop at each of the four quarters. 
When the heavy point seems to be first at one place 
and then just opposite it is proof that either a pivot 
is bent or oval in form instead of round. 

In some instances balances will be found to 
swing slightly and stop at several different places. 
This is usually an indication that there are several 
flat places on one or both pivots and if the watch 
is a fine one the staff will require changing or the 
pivots may be rounded up on a Jacot Lathe. A 
fine edge jeweled poising tool is best for fine work 
as defects in pivots and variations in poise can be 
more easily discovered than with calipers. 

82. Truing Hairsprings. 

Original truing of the hairspring is made necessary 
by the fact of attaching the collet to its center. 
When springs are turned out by the manufacturer 
they are perfectly true, that is, the coils are level 
and perfectly spiral in form and the deviation from 
this spiral form, made necessary in attaching the 
collet, is what demands certain forming of the inner 
terminal so that it will blend with the other coils of 
the spring which have not been disturbed. 

In attaching the collet it is first necessary to have 
the spring level before the pin is forced tightly in 
place. This can be fairly well determined by 
sighting across the flat of the spring and focusing 
upon the inner coil to see that it is level for at least 
one half of its length from the point of exit. After 

(102) 



Special Notes 



this operation has been completed and the pin has 
been set up tight, with the surplus ends cut off 
flush with the collet it will be necessary to slightly 
pull the coil up or down, providing it is not perfectly 
level. The next operation will be that of truing 
the round and all work and bending of the spring 
for this operation is concentrated within the first 
quarter of the coil from its point of attachment and 
it is seldom ever necessary to make any bends 
beyond the first eighth of the coil from the attached 
point. 

Figure 28 may be of some value in gaining an 
idea as to just how this inner coil should appear 
when it has been trued. 

The broken lines illustrate a condition after col- 
leting and before truing. The heavy lines illustrate 
two positions into either of which the coil may be 
formed in getting the spring true. 




Fig. 28 

The outer black line shows the most adaptable 
form for most instances. The inner black line 
shows the most practical form for use in instances 
where there is unusual space between the collet 
and the inner coil. It will be noted that these two 
forms blend into the true spiral form of the spring 
at about one-eighth of the coil distant from the 
collet. These forms may be used as a basis for 

(103) 



Special Notes 



truing the spring in any instance in which it has 
been bent or mishandled around the collet after 
its original truing. 

Experts always true springs after they have been 
staked to the balance and a light weight calipers 
tapered on one end to a smaller diameter than the 
collet is used for spinning the balance, making 
observations, and corrections. 

Considerable progress can be made by some watch- 
makers in removing the spring from the balance 
and placing it on a colleting tool or tapered broach 
and then truing the flat and round as good as pos- 
sible, after which it should be perfected in the 
calipers. When the balance is spinning in the 
calipers and the spring is true in the flat there 
will be no jumping or quivering of the coils as 
observation is made across the top of the inner four 
or five coils. 

When it is perfectly true in the round and the 
balance is spinning in one direction the coils will 
seem to be whirling into a hole of which the collet 
is the center. Wlien spinning the balance in the 
opposite direction the effect of the coils will be 
similar to the weaves produced by dropping a small 
stone in still water and they will appear to be 
whirling away from the center. This effect in both 
instances is caused by the eye following the spiral 
form of the coils as the spring revolves. 

83. Treating a Rusty Hairspring. 

When rust begins its attack upon any point of a 
hairspring there will be a constant loss in time until 
its advance is stopped. 

Should considerable headway have been made by 
the rust before the watchmaker's attention is en- 
listed for an examination it may be necessary to 
change the spring entirely before good results can 
again be obtained. 

There are many instances, however, in which 
proper care at the right time will produce as good 
results as will a new spring. 
(104) 



Special Notes 



The first appearance of rust is generally indicated 
by one or more spots of a light brown shade and in 
such instances it has hardly attacked the metal to 
any serious extent, although usually enough to cause 
a slightly losing rate. At this stage the spots may 
be scraped with a piece of peg wood after which the 
spring can be placed in a small copper pan contain- 
ing lard oil to a depth of about one-fourth inch. 

This pan should then be held over an alcohol lamp 
until the oil becomes hot enough to smoke, after 
which the spring should be removed, immersed in 
benzine for about thirty seconds and then dried in 
sawdust. This treatment will stop further rust 
and the only indication of previous rust may be a 
removal of the color from the spot which had been 
affected. 

In case that the rust has reached a stage far 
enough advanced to seriously pit the metal, good 
results cannot be expected from the spring even 
though further rusting may be prevented. 

84. Stopping by Escapement Locking When Hands 
are Set Backward, or When Watch Receives a Jar. 

This is sometimes a very annoying trouble and 
while it should not occur on high grade watches at 
all, it does show up just often enough to cause a 
certain degree of unpleasantness for the owner of 
the watch as well as for the watchmaker. 

There are two principal causes for the difficulty. 
One is due to the back of discharging pallet stone 
having a very sharp corner combined with a 
slightly rough edge on the back of the escape wheel 
teeth and when the two factors meet with some 
slight force, such as is caused by reversal of the train 
wheels the sharp corner of the stone wedges itself 
into the rough surface of the tooth and holds until 
pulled away by some small instrument. This can 
be remedied by removing the sharp edge of the 
stone on a diamond charged polishing lap and a 
very slight correction is sufficient. 

(105) 



Special Notes 



The second principal cause is due to sharp edges 
on the roller jewel. First quality roller jewels 
always have these edges rounded, as otherwise they 
may wedge into the horn of the fork and often will 
not release through ordinary shaking of the watch. 

A short guard pin can also cause the trouble by 
allowing the roller jewel to catch on the end of the 
fork horn before it enters, or the guard pin may 
catch on the edge of the crescent on the safety roller, 
but the two causes mentioned above will allow 
"hanging up" even when the guard pin, roller jewel 
and all other shakes are correct. 

When the above conditions are correct and all 
setting connections are properly fitted, the hands 
may be set either forward or backward without in 
any way disturbing the time. There are instances, 
however, where the watch will stop when the hands 
are reversed and at times the second hand will ac- 
tually turn backward- although the watch will im- 
mediately begin to run as soon as the backward 
pressure on the hands is discontinued. 

This is caused by the cannon pinion being so 
tightly fitted that turning it backward will require 
more force than that which is supplied by the 
mainspring. A condition of this description is 
more pronounced when the mainspring is nearly 
run down and sometimes it will happen at such 
times and will not occur when the spring is fully 
wound. 



85. Essentials and Non-Essentials in Cleaning 
Watches. 

It would be difficult to suggest a best method for 
general cleaning of watches. Different watchmakers 
have different methods and good results are attained 
in more than one way. Whatever the method, how- 
ever, there are certain definite requirements that are 
fundamental. 



(106) 



Special Notes 



Among these are the thorough cleansing of pivots, 
jewels, pinion, leaves, wheel teeth, mainspring and 
winding parts. 

It is not sufficient to depend upon routine and 
simply dip the parts in various solutions, brush and 
reassemble the watch. There are many instances 
in which the oil becomes gummy and sticks to the 
jewels and pivots to such an extent that peg wood 
and pith must be applied with considerable energy 
to obtain perfectly clean surfaces and holes. 

The essential feature is that of actually 
removing every particle of dirt from the contact 
surface. 

It is not essential that the plate and bridges 
should have a high lustre, as this does not facilitate 
the running. If it is desired and if facilities are 
available, the plates and bridges may be dipped in 
benzine and dried in sawdust, then washed and 
brushed in a solution of hot water, borax and castile 
soap, then rinsed in fresh water, dipped in alcohol 
and dried in sawdust. This produces a lustre to 
the plate bridges and wheels. When it is not con- 
venient to use hot water the parts may be dipped and 
brushed in benzine for at least one minute and dried 
in sawdust, then dipped in alcohol and again dried in 
sawdust. In either event thorough pegging and 
pithing of the jewels, pivot holes and pivots is 
necessary as well as brushing and examining all 
wheel teeth and pinion leaves. The steel parts 
should be examined and gummy oil eliminated. 
Fresh oil should be applied in proper quantities 
in the proper places. This requires some study, as 
either too much or too little oil is detrimental. 

When a watch is cleaned annually by the same 
workman it is not necessary that the mainspring 
be removed and reoiled each time, for a mainspring 
properly oiled will last for two or three years be- 
fore requiring cleaning and reoiling. 

It is well known that mainsprings frequently 
break shortly after being removed and cleaned and 



(107) 



Special Notes 



this annoyance may be avoided in many instances 
by intelligent use of this rule. 

Balances should not be dipped in acid solutions, as 
the liquid gathers under the screws and will often 
cause them to discolor in a short time. It is better 
to polish them with fine rouge and cotton thread 
arranged on a wire bow as the lustre will be more 
lasting. 



(108) 



